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Transcript
II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s Aquatic Habitats Terrestrial Water available Desiccating II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s Aquatic Habitats Terrestrial Water available Desiccating Sunlight absorbed Sunlight available II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s Aquatic Habitats Terrestrial Water available Desiccating Sunlight absorbed Sunlight available Nutrients at Depth Nutrients available II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s Aquatic Habitats Terrestrial Water available Desiccating Sunlight absorbed Sunlight available Nutrients at Depth Nutrients available Buoyant Less Supportive II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s Aquatic Habitats Terrestrial Water available Desiccating Sunlight absorbed Sunlight available Nutrients at Depth Nutrients available Buoyant Less Supportive Low oxygen, higher CO2 reverse II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s B. Adaptations to Life on Land 1. Waxy Cuticle (reduce water loss) II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s B. Adaptations to Life on Land 1. Waxy Cuticle (reduce water loss) 2. Gametes protected II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s B. Adaptations to Life on Land 1. Waxy Cuticle (reduce water loss) 2. Gametes protected 3. Embryo protected II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History 1. Green Algal “roots” – Ulva (sea lettuce) 2. Colonization of Land: Environmental Diff’s B. Adaptations to Life on Land 1. Waxy Cuticle (reduce water loss) 2. Gametes protected 3. Embryo protected 4. Spore wall thick VULNERABLE II. Introduction to Plants A. Evolutionary History B. Adaptations to Life on Land C. Plant Evolution – Acquisition of Terrestriality III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 1. Characteristics a. short (no vascular tissues) III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 1. Characteristics a. short (no vascular tissues) b. limited to moist habitats (swimming sperm) III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 2. Diversity a. Liverworts – most primitive plants - lie flat on ground - antheridia and archegonia on surface III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 2. Diversity a. Liverworts – most primitive plants b. Mosses III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 2. Diversity a. Liverworts – most primitive plants b. Mosses - have stomata – regulate water loss - grow from tip (apical) - antheridia and archegonia at stalk tips Archegonium Antheridium III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 2. Diversity a. Liverworts – most primitive plants b. Mosses - have stomata – regulate water loss - grow from tip (apical) - antheridia and archegonia at stalk tips - swimming sperm III. Plant Diversity A. Non-tracheophytes (no true vascular tissue) 2. Diversity a. Liverworts – most primitive plants b. Mosses - have stomata – regulate water loss - grow from tip (apical) - antheridia and archegonia at stalk tips - swimming sperm - hydroid cells – die back to leave cavities for water transport. III. Plant Diversity B. Tracheophyte Origins 1. The Rhyniophyta -vascular system of phloem and xylem III. Plant Diversity B. Tracheophyte Origins 1. The Rhyniophyta Silurian – 440 mya -vascular system of phloem and xylem -“tracheids” in sporophytes -- water and nutrient distribution Gymnosperms Angiosperms III. Plant Diversity B. Tracheophyte Origins 1. The Rhyniophyta -vascular system of phloem and xylem -“tracheids” in sporophytes -- water and nutrient distribution -- lignin and support III. Plant Diversity B. Tracheophyte Origins 4. Life History: simple (primitive) - Homospory III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Lycophytes (Club Mosses) III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Lycophytes - (Club Mosses) - ancient; dominated first “forests” 300-350 mya III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Lycophytes - (Club Mosses) - ancient; dominated first “forests” 300-350 mya - simple leaves III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Lycophytes - (Club Mosses) - ancient; dominated first “forests” 300-350 mya - simple leaves - Dominant Sporophyte (with stobili) III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Ferns “and their allies” III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Ferns “and their allies” - true complex leaves III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 1. Ferns “and their allies” - true complex leaves - true roots III. Plant Diversity C. Non-seed Tracheophytes 2. Ferns “and their allies” - true complex leaves - true roots - also ancient; appearing 350 mya - dominat sporophyte; reduced gametophyte Fern Life Cycle: III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes - heterospory III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes - heterospory - seeds: lipid-rich endosperm packaged with the zygote III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 1. General Characteristics - heterospory - seeds: lipid-rich endosperm packaged with the zygote -diversity: III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 2. Gymnosperms – “naked seed” a. Evolutionary History - dominated during Permian (280 mya) and through Mesozoic, and still dominate in dry env. Today (high latitudes, sandy soils) III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 2. Gymnosperms – “naked seed” a. Evolutionary History - dominated during Permian (280 mya) and through Mesozoic, and still dominate in dry env. Today (high latitudes, sandy soils) b. Diversity - cycads - ginko - Gnetales - conifers III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes c. Gymnosperm Life Cycle III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 3. Angiosperms – “flowering plants” - double fertilization - triploid endosperm III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 3. Angiosperms - double fertilization - triploid endosperm - fruits - flowers Both serve to bribe animals to disperse either Pollen or seeds NON-RANDOMLY. More likely to end up in a similar habitat. III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 3. Angiosperms - Angiosperm History III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 3. Angiosperms - Angiosperm History - Diversity Dicots ancestral Monocots derived two cotyledons one cotyledon 4-5 parted flower 3 parted flower veins networked veins parallel the rest grasses, palms III. Plant Diversity D. Seed Tracheophytes 3. Angiosperms - Angiosperm History - Diversity - evolutionary trends: primitive derived insect pollinated wind pollinated terrestrial aquatic “woody” herbaceous
