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Fungal Diseases of Banana
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Sigatoka leaf spots
Yellow Sigatoka caused by
Mycosphaerella after the Sigatoka
Valley in Fiji where an outbreak of
this disease reached epidemic
proportions from 1912 to 1923.
Black Sigatoka, also known as
black leaf streak, was named for
its similarities with the Yellow
Sigatoka
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Sigatoka leaf spots
Symptoms
Initially, tiny brown streaks
appear on the underside of
the third and fourth leaves.
After the streak stage, spots
develop. These spots increase
in size and gradually turn
brown in color.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Sigatoka leaf spots
Symptoms
When the disease progresses these
spots further increase in size, join with
each other forming large dead areas
on the leaf preventing photosynthetic
functioning of the leaf.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Sigatoka leaf spots
Symptoms
Destruction of mature and functional
leaves in large number leads to
failure of bunches to fill out and ripen.
Fruit set will be poor with
reduced size, uneven
ripening and angular shape
having discolored flesh.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Sigatoka leaf spots
Spread of disease
The fungus produces conidia
and ascospores, both of which
are infective.
They are formed under high moisture
conditions, and are disseminated by
wind, and in the case of conidia, also
by rain and irrigation water.
Infected planting material and leaves,
which are used often as packing
materials, are usually responsible for
the long-distance spread of the
disease.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Sigatoka leaf spots
Spread of disease
Humid weather and high rainfall
periods hasten the development
and faster spread of the disease.
Under a crowded canopy and
humid condition, the conidia
rapidly spread the disease on
to a susceptible variety.
Soils with poor drainage and low fertility
are more conducive for disease build
up.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Sigatoka leaf spots
Management
The suckers brought for planting
should be disease free. They
should be dipped in a fungicide
solution before planting.
Proper, wider spacing must be
practiced. The orchard must
be clean and free from weeds
and grasses to avoid humidity
build up.
Severely infected plants and leaf
blades should be removed and
destroyed.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Sigatoka leaf spots
Management
Periodical roguing of diseased
leaves reduces the spread of the
disease.
The land should be well drained
and leveled to avoid any water
stagnation.
Application of Thiophante methyl 1 g/l
or bordeaux mixture 0.1 per cent + 2
per cent linseed oil or captan 2 g/l can
manage the yellow sigatoka disease.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Sigatoka leaf spots
Management
One of the following fungicides
also can be sprayed.
Carbendazim 1 g/l
Benomyl 1 g/l or Mancozeb 2 g/l
Copper oxychloride 2.5 g/l
Ziram 2 ml/l
Chlorothalonil 2 g/l
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Anthracnose
It is an important post-harvest
problem of bananas especially
during transport and storage.
Infection in young fruit is not
always manifested until the
fruit ripens,
Pulp of diseased fruit is usually
not affected unless the fruit is
over-ripe.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Anthracnose
Symptoms
On green fruit, pin-size brown or
black sunken spots develop. The
peel has dark-brown to black
diamond-shaped lesions about 8 x 3
cm in size.
The centers of the spots become
dark because of the formation of
small black fruiting bodies of the
fungus.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Anthracnose
Symptoms
On yellowing fruit, brown spots
initially appear that later become
sunken and covered with orange
spore masses.
A tip rot may develop and can
rot the entire fruit but the pulp is
usually not affected unless the
fruit is overripe.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Anthracnose
Spread of disease
Anthracnose spreads to banana
plants by wind, insects, water and
birds.
The fungus thrives in heavy rainfall
and temperate weather conditions.
The fungus that causes anthracnose
also causes crown rot, another rotdisease of banana.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Anthracnose
Management
Practice good field sanitation.
Minimize bruising during fruit handling.
Treat the fruit with hot water for 5 min
at 50°C.
Proper sanitation of handling facilities
Sprays of jathropa oil extract at 5000 ppm
(5 ml of oil extract in 5 litres of water)
significantly controlled anthracnose and
ripening was delayed by 12 days
(Philippine Organic Agriculture Information
Network)
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Anthracnose
Management
Chemical control is effective in the
early stages of infection with one of
the following fungicides.
Spray copper oxychloride 0.25%
Bordeaux mixture 1%
Chlorothalonil 0.2%
Carbendazim 0.1%.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Fusarium Wilt
Symptoms
The first internal symptoms develop
in feeder roots, the initial sites of
infection.
As the pseudostem is colonized,
faint brown streaks or flecks
become evident on and within
older leaf sheaths.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Fusarium Wilt
Symptoms
Eventually, large portions of the
xylem turn a brick red to brown
color.
The first external symptoms of
Panama disease are a yellowing
of the oldest leaves.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Fusarium Wilt
Symptoms
The infected leaves fall in order,
from oldest to youngest, until they
hang around the plant like a “skirt”
of dead leaves.
A younger plant will die soon
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Fusarium Wilt
Spread of Disease
Infected rhizomes are a common
means by which this pathogen is
disseminated.
The pathogen can also spread in
soil and running water, and on
farm implements and machinery.
Root tips are the natural, initial
sites of infection.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Fusarium Wilt
Management
No chemical was found to be
effective in controlling this
disease.
So it is necessary to take
preventive measures to avoid
occurrence of the disease.
Select suckers from fields free
from this disease for planting.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Fusarium Wilt
Management
Burn the infected plants in the field
and destroy weeds surrounding
the area with herbicides.
If possible, restrict the movement of
human or domestic animals in the
infected area.
Sterilize the farm tools with disinfectant
such as household bleaching solution
(e.g. Clorox) before using them in
another garden.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Freckle leaf spot
Symptoms
This disease affects both leaves
and fruits of banana.
It is caused by a fungus, which has
two names, Phyllosticta musarum
and Guignardia musae. mptoms
This has occurred because the
fungus produces two types of
spores.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Freckle Leaf Spot
Symptoms
The most characteristic symptom of
both types of spot is a sandpaper
feel to the leaf and fruit.
This is caused by the fungal
structures protruding through
the surface of the leaf.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Freckle leaf spot
Symptoms
Both the large and small spots
are dark brown to black in color.
The small spots are less than
1mm in diameter and appear
sooty (Fig.).
They can run together to form
streaks.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Freckle leaf spot
Symptoms
The larger spots are up to 4mm in
diameter and can also appear as
streaks.
Spots can also appear on the
midrib of the leaf (Fig.) and on
the petioles.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Freckle leaf spot
Symptoms
Reproductive spores are emitted
from the leaf in wet weather and
the water moves the spores as it
runs across the leaves.
These spores are also spread
by wind.
This leads to the streaking.
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Fungal Diseases of Banana
Freckle leaf spot
Management
Mancozeb, DMIs and Benomyl,
which are used to control yellow
Sigatoka, will provide effective
control of this disease also.
The use of a plastic bag cover
over the bunch may in the long
run be the most economical
control for freckle.
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