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Factors That Affect Climate Identify five factors that affect climate and explain how each affects climate. 1. Latitude – Most important Latitude - higher the latitude, lower the angle of the sun and therefore, lower the intensity of insolation so temperatures are cooler/lower Latitude and Temperature • As latitude increases, average yearly decreases temperatures ____________ high temp low 0o 90o latitude Warmer at the equator Colder at the poles Yearly Temperature Range based on Latitude low Equator to tropics mid Tropics to arctic/antarctic circle high Above the arctic/ antarctic circles to North or South Pole big Yearly Temp Range small 0 latitude 90 As latitude _________, increases yearly temp range __________ increases Temperatures do not vary much throughout the equator year at the ________. • There is a bigger variation in temperatures throughout the year as you go farther from the equator 2. Mountains and Elevation Higher the elevation, lower the temps because air cools as you going higher in the atmosphere Lapse rate – for every 160 meters up, the temperature drops about 1o C Low Temp High Temp hot Average Yearly Temps cold high low Elevation • As elevation/altitude __________, increases average yearly temperature ___________ decreases Indirect relationship Mountains and Moisture WET DRY condenses precipitation cools expands rises sinks compresses warms WIND WINDWARD LEEWARD • http://vimeo.com/9764153 3. Closeness to large bodies of water • Water warms and cools much more ________ slower than land does. • What property of water causes the slow Specific heat heating and cooling? ___________ • Sea or land locations affect temperature ranges. • Since land gains and loses heat much more quickly than water, land areas tend to have _______ warmer summers and ______ cooler winters. cooler • Coastal areas near the ocean have ______ summers and ___________ Warmer/milder winters. (The climate is more moderate – smaller temp ranges throughout the year) • Marine or coastal climates - ______ small yearly temperature range • Continental or inland climates - ______ large yearly temperature range Continental climate; • Location A: ___________ large ________ yearly temperature range Marine climate; ________ smaller • Location B: ________ yearly temperature range 4. Ocean Currents • A stream of water that circulates through an ocean basin heat with the air it contacts • A current will Exchange ____________________ Warm current will warm the air above it Cold current will cool the air above it http://www.wimp.com/gulfstream/ Ocean Currents • Are driven by _________ Prevailing winds • Are driven by ___________ Density differences Cold water is _______ dense than warm more more dense than fresh Salt water is ______ • Ocean currents can make the climate of a coastal region warmer or colder than normal for its latitude 4 • ESRT Page ____ • Cold currents originate from high latitudes, warm currents originate from low latitudes Warmer or Colder Due to the ocean currents, the • East coast of North America is _________ warmer than normal • West Coast of North America is ______ cooler than normal • What current warms the coast of England? North Atlantic Current • What current cools the coast of South America? Peru Current http://earth.nullschool.net/#current/ocean/s urface/currents/orthographic 5. Winds esrt p14 • A. Global Winds • Two major influences • 1. Unequal heating of Earth’s surface • 2. Coriolis Effect • http://www.suu.edu/faculty/colberg/hazards/weat her/04_GlobalWind.html • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T6Us1sPXBfA &feature=youtu.be Describe the unequal heating of Earth’s surface • Cause: more direct rays at equator, less direct at poles • Effect: low pressure at equator, high pressure at poles Describe the Coriolis Effect • Cause: Earth’s rotation • Effect: Winds are deflected to the right in the Northern Hemisphere; left in the Southern Hemisphere Equator, 60o N and S • Where might you find rising air? _________ Air converges – low pressure Why? ______________ • Rising Air = Low Pressure Wet Climate • and a ____ o N and S, Poles • Where might you find sinking air? 30 _________ Air is diverging – high pressure Why? ______________ • Sinking Air = High Pressure • and a ____ Dry Climate ESRT Page 14 In what direction do storms move at Norwich’s latitude, 42o N? storms move from SW to NE b. Regional Winds • Monsoon - Seasonal shift in wind direction Rainy Season Dry Season • Annual Climatology: Albany, NY (ALB) • Elev: 275 ft Lat: 42o 45'N • Long: 73o 48'W