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Fundamentals of Biology: Building Blocks, Challenges, and Evolution http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/cellulose.GIF http://community.webshots.com/photo/1098385609029448148TPhhYc Building Blocks of Life: Important Molecules Water (H2O) Gases (O2, CO2) Nutrients Nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), ammonia (NH4+) Phosphate (PO4-3) Silica (SiO2) Iron (Fe), and other trace metals Important Molecules Carbohydrates (C, H, O) sugars, starches – energy cellulose, chitin - structure Lipids (C, H, O, some P) fats, oils, waxes – energy, buoyancy, insulation structural – cell membranes hormones – messengers http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/cellulose.GIF Important Molecules Proteins (C, H, O, N, some S) amino acids enzymes – metabolism hormones – messengers hemoglobin – oxygen transportation structural – hair, nails, feathers, skin, muscle http://www.3dchem.com/imagesofmolecules/aspartic-acid.jpg http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/graphics/images/2008/04-08Hemoglobin.jpg http://www.rsc.org/images/FEATURE-NOBEL-350_tcm18-136787.jpg Important Molecules Nucleic acids (C, H, O, N, P) nucleotides – genetic information DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) – chromosomes, genes RNA (ribonucleic acid) – translate to proteins ATP (adenosine triphosphate) – store and transfer energy http://www.ericharshbarger.org/lego/images/dna/helix_0.jpg From Atoms to Ecosystems From Atoms to Ecosystems molecules → cell (organism) molecules → organelles → cell (organism) http://www.windows.ucar.edu/earth/Life/images/celltypes.gif cells → tissues → organism cells → tissues → organs → organ systems → organism From Atoms to Ecosystems organism → population → community → ecosystem http://community.webshots.com/photo/1098385609029448148TPhhYc Ecosystems and Adaptations Adaptation: The adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an organism to become more suited to an environment. A characteristic (http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Adaptation) of an organism that makes it fit for its environment or for its particular way of life. (McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Bioscience. © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.) Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Homeostasis Organisms deal with challenges that are unique to marine environment Must maintain suitable conditions inside their body, regardless of the external conditions Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Temperature Dictates where organisms live Affects how organisms metabolize Physiologically adapted to live within a certain temperature range USFWS NOAA Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Temperature Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Temperature Ectotherms “Cold-blooded”, metabolic heat lost Cannot regulate internal temperature, so same temperature as environment (poikilotherms) Most marine animals (invertebrates, most fish, most reptiles) NOAA http://www.dnr.sc.gov/marine/sertc/gallery.htm http://www.njscuba.net/images-uw/other/bay_anchovy.jpg Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Temperature Endotherms “Warm-blooded”, metabolic heat retained (fat, feathers for insulation) Can regulate internal temperature, regardless of external environment (homeotherms) Mammals, birds Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Temperature Endotherms Some large fish and turtles are endotherms, but not homeotherms Metabolic heat retained, so warmer than surroundings, but internal temperature is relative, not set http://www.mbayaq.org/efc/living_species/organism_images/lsl_open_m163.jpg http://getinvolved.conservation.org/images/content/pagebuilder/10733.jpg Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Salinity Diffusion – molecules move from high concentrations to low until equal Cell membranes are selectively permeable to different substances Osmosis – passive diffusion of water across membranes Active transport – expend energy to work against diffusion Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Salinity Osmoconformers – do not regulate Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Salinity Osmoregulators Challenges of Life in the Ocean - Salinity Osmoregulators Hawksbill turtles have glands (near eyes) to excrete excess salt Evolution The gradual change in the genetic makeup of species and populations The diversity of organisms today is the result of billions of years of evolution http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~dmellor/Site/Blog/53672D17-7066-49D8-AC2B-B37F99DF76F7_files/Evolution-diagram_op_800x467.jpg Evolution Theory of evolution – not a hypothesis, but a widely accepted scientific concept Evidence exists from the past (fossils) Evolution observed within our lifetime (bacteria, plants, worms, insects) http://www.phyletisches-museum.uni-jena.de/images/archaeopteryx_berlin_1864.jpg Evolution Adaptation and natural selection – individuals best adapted to their environment survive and produce offspring Changes and challenges – adapt or become extinct http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/gctext/Inquiries/Inquiries%20in%20Global%20Change_files/image096.jpg Phylogenetics Reconstructs evolution by grouping organisms by their relatedness Fossil record (incomplete) Body structure Reproduction and behavior Embryology and larval development Genetics (DNA, RNA) Phylogenetics Carl Woese using ribosomal RNA sequence http://nai.arc.nasa.gov/library/images/news_articles/big_274_3.jpg Phylogenetics Classification of Organisms Kingdom Classification of Organisms sub-, super-, infra-categories, too: - subclass Placentalia (placentals) - suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales) Classification of Organisms Species – binomial nomenclature (Linnaeus) Genus species Use instead of common names to avoid confusion: “Dolphin” Coryphaena hippurus – Mahi mahi fish Tursiops truncatus – Flipper http://www.coralreefnetwork.com/stender/marine/mammals/Bottlenose%20Dolphin.jpg http://www.fisheries.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/15886/fad-underwater-dolphinfish.jpg Classification of Organisms Species – “populations of organisms that have common characteristics and can successfully breed with each other” Acropora palmata Acropora cervicornis http://www.floridamarine.org/images/gallery/ Classification of Organisms One species or three? Montastraea annularis Montastraea faveolata http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/PHAGE/images/Montastraea%20franksi-closeup_JPG.jpg Montastraea franksi http://www.uiowa.edu/~geology/people/faculty/budd/corals/panama.html