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Communities & Biomes Limiting Factor Any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms Examples of limiting factors • • • • • • A. B. C. D. E. F. Availability of food & water Predation Temperature – timberline Sunlight Climate Space Cascade Mountain Tolerance The ability of organisms to withstand fluctuations in biotic and abiotic factors Timberline on Mount Shasta Succession • The orderly, natural changes and species replacements that take place over time • e.g. abandoned parking lot over 30 years Types of Succession • Primary • Secondary Primary Succession • The colonization of barren land (no living organisms exist there) by pioneer species • • • • Due to: *Fire *Flood *Volcano Primary Succession • Pioneer species (Lichens & mosses) break up rock into soil • Ferns & weeds further break up soil • Seeds are carried by animals or blown by the wind Secondary Succession • The sequence of changes that takes place after an existing community is severely disrupted in some way (fire, flood, etc…) • PREVIOUS LIVING ORGANISMS AND SOIL ARE PRESENT Climax community • A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species • a. Can last hundreds of years • b. Climax communities occur quicker through secondary succession because soil is already formed (primary succession takes longer due to soil formation) Biomes TheTerrestrial Biomes • • • • • • • • • • • Tropical Rainforest Tropical Dry Forest Tropical Savanna Temperate Grassland Desert Temperate Woodland & Shrubland Temperate Deciduous Forest Temperate Coniferous Forest Temperate Rainforest Taiga Tundra The Aquatic Biomes • Freshwater • Estuaries • Marine • Aquatic Biomes are determined by depth, flow, temperature, & chemistry of the overlying water Freshwater Biomes Flowing water Rivers & streams Standing water Lakes & ponds Wetlands* Bogs, marshes, swamps *Water covers the soil for part of the year Estuaries • Salt-marshes & mangrove swamps • Form where fresh & salt water mix • Called brackish water Marine Zonation of water by depth 1. Photic zone – light can penetrate 2. Aphotic zone – light DOES NOT reach 3. Benthic zone – ocean floor Zonation of water by distance from the shore 1. Intertidal zone 2. Coastal (Neritic) zone 3. Open ocean