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Juniors, sign in on clicker and get ready to answer questions! 1 Biology TAKS review “Bio” - life “Abiotic” – not living Taxonomy- the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms The Classification System King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Phylogeny- the connections between all groups or organisms, lines of descent and relationships Examples: -a mockingbird is more closely related to a hippo than to an oak tree. -Elephants probably descended from wooly mammoths. Speciation- the evolutionary process by which new biological species arise 2. A B C D 7 3 A B C D 8 Six Kingdoms Archaebacteria bacteria that live only in the harshest environments, NO nucleusPROKARYOTE (PRO-NO) Eubacteria, “normal” bacteria-those all around us, unicellular prokaryotes (white blood cells in our immune system help fight infections) Protista, single or multicellular without highly specialized tissue (protozoa, algae) They do have a nucleus EUKARYOTE (EU-DO) Some (like algae) use photosynthesis. Plantae photosynthesis, make their own food (autotrophic) Fungi similar to plants but they can’t make their own food – have to consume it from some organic source (heterotrophic) Animalia Multicellular, eukaryotic cells, heterotrophic Bacteria…. Good or bad??? 4 A B C D 11 5 12 6 A B C D 13 7. Which of the following characteristics are shared by animals, fungi, plants and protists? A. B. C. D. They are all autotrophs. They are all eukaryotic. They are all prokaryotic. They are all unicellular. 8 A B C D 15 9 A B C D 16 10 17 11. Which is a characteristic of members of the plant kingdom that distinguishes them from members of the animal kingdom? A. Storage of energy in chemical bonds B. Exchange of H2O with the environment C. Use of mRNA during protein production D. Use of chlorophyll for solar-energy transformation Viruses?? They’re not living organisms. They only have a little snippet of DNA in a protein coat. They must be reproduced in living cells of their hosts. Our immune system fights viruses with our T-cells that seek out, destroy and consume virus-infected cells. Viruses are NOT living and can only replicate inside a living host. The structure of the virus must match up to a “docking” location (receptor site) on the living cell before the virus can invade. The most dangerous viruses for us are the ones that invade and kill our own immune cells- the very cells whose purpose is to fight off invaders. Example: HIV invades and kills our Helper T cells. 12. Which of the following is found in both cells and viruses? A. Silica B. Genetic material C. Digestive cavity D. flagella 13. People infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of dying from secondary infections. Which of these best explains how HIV increases the danger of secondary infections? A. HIV produces antigens that damage red blood cells B. HIV adds genetic material from harmful microbes. C. HIV destroys helper T cells D. HIV consumes beneficial microbes in the body. 14 24 15 A B C D 25 16. Scientists discover a new organism. It is eukaryotic and obtains energy by secreting digestive enzymes into decaying organic matter and then absorbing the digested material. This organism should be classified in KingdomA. Archaebacteia B. Eubacteria C. Fungi D. Protista 17. A unicellular, eukaryotic organism that has a flagellum and is photosynthetic should be classified in KingdomA. Archaebacteria B. Eubacteria C. Fungi D. Protista Get a clicker Sign in Get ready for questions!! Energy Transfers, Interdependence and Interactions within an Ecosystem Adaptation- the changes that allow a population to become better suited for its environment Niche- the positional relation between a species and its ecosystem. 1 31 2 32 3 A B C D 33 4 34 2nd level PRODUCER consumer 1ST level consumer Decomposer Food Web or Food Chain Energy is passed from the PRODUCERS (algae) to four different levels of CONSUMERS. Remember the arrows show the direction of ENERGY flow 5. In which level is the greatest amount of energy found? 6. Who ends up with the greatest amount of pollutants in their bodies? A Tertiary Consumer B Secondary Consumer Primary Consumers C D Producers: plants that make their own food using energy from the sun 7 38 #8 39 Herbivore plant eaters Omnivore eat both plants and meats Carnivore meat eaters Producers autotrophic- make their own food 9. According to this food web, which of these is an omnivore? a. Caterpillar b. Ant c. Deer d. Bird 10 42 11. In a typical forest community, plants are producers, rabbits are primary consumers, and wolves are secondary consumers. Which diagram correctly represents these relationships? A C B D Symbiosis Any close and permanent relationship between organisms of different species “living in the same ecosystem” Mutualism it’s good for both species Predation One organism preys on another as a source of food. Parasitismit’s good for one species, but harms the other Commensalismit’s good for one species, but doesn’t affect the other In the jungles of Costa Rica, a certain species of ant live in a complex relationship with the acacia tree. The ants find shelter in the hollow thorns of the plant. They attack any animal that tries to feed on the tree. In return, the plant provides them with nutrition. 12. According to the information in the box, which of these best describes the relationship between ant and acacia tree? A B C D Parasitism Predation Commensalism Mutualism 13 50 14 A B C D 51 How one fungus gets nutrients A certain type of fungus grows sticky structures when roundworms are near. Roundworms that come close to the sticky structures can become trapped. The fungus penetrates and digests trapped roundworms 15. Which word best describes the fungus in the situation above? A. Predator B. Producer C. Parasite D. decomposer Cells and Cellular Processes Juniors, Get a Clicker!!! 1. Which organisms in this food web can be described as both primary and secondary consumers? A. Hawks B. Weasels C. Raccoons D. Mice Cells Organelles: discreet structures in a cell having a specialized function Nucleus: contains most of the genetic material Prokaryote- have NO nucleus PRO-NO Eukaryote- do have a nucleus EU-DO Remember…Six Kingdoms Archaebacteria bacteria that live only in the harshest environments, NO nucleus- PROKARYOTE (PRO-NO) Eubacteria, “normal” bacteriathose all around us, unicellular prokaryotes Protista, single or multicellular without highly specialized tissue (protozoa, algae) They do have a nucleus EUKARYOTE (EU-DO) Some use photosynthesis. Animalia Photosynthesis takes place in the chloroplast. It gives off OXYGEN. Cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondrion and requires OXYGEN to harvest the energy from food. These are often considered opposites. Breaks down old cell parts Transport system makes proteins packages proteins provides energy : site of cellular respiration, conversion of food energy into usable energy (ATP) Controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell, thereby maintaining “homeostatis” The Golgi bodies are kind of like the post office of the cell that receives, packages and then distributes proteins to their destination where they are needed. The endoplasmic reticulum is like the transportation system of the cell. 2 61 3 A B C D 62 4 63 5 The cell membrane plays an essential role in the life of the cell. How does the cell membrane help maintain the health of the cell in the figure above? A. The cell membrane contains genetic information of the cell. B. The cell membrane provides support and protection for the cell. C. The cell membrane is where protein molecules are manufactured in a cell. D. The cell membrane regulates the movement of materials in and out of the cell. 6 A cell that requires large amounts of energy to do its job would probably contain many – A. Chloroplasts B. Mitochondria C. Nuclei D. Vacuoles 7 Which of these is a function of the cell membrane in all cells? A Producing cellular nutrients B Preserving cellular wastes C Neutralizing chemicals D Maintaining homeostasis Plants have special pores called stomata to allow passage of material. The stomata pores are surrounded by cells called guard cells. Guard cells also close when dehydrated. This keeps water in the plant from escaping. Most stomata are on the bottom of the leaf. Usually, a high concentration of stomata indicates fast growth and wet climate. Lower concentrations of stomata indicate lower rates of photosynthesis and growth or adaptations for dry weather. Stomata are on the top of leaves that float in water. 8 68 ATP adenosine triphosphate • It is the major energy currency of the cell, providing the energy for most of the energy-consuming activities of the cell. • synthesized in mitochondria by cellular respiration Most organisms use oxygen to break down their “food” into ATP Any process that requires oxygen is called Aerobic (oxygen) Processes that do not require oxygen are called Anaerobic ATP adenosine triphosphate • Energy is released when the bond between two phosphate groups is broken. #9 Which molecule provides most of the energy used to drive chemical reactions in cells? A DNA B RNA C ATP D ADP Osmosis • Osmosis: the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. • Cell membranes are completely permeable to water, therefore, the environment the cell is exposed to can have a dramatic effect on the cell. • Diffusion: the movement of ANY molecule from an area of high concentration to low concentration. “hypertonic” “hypotonic” # 10 What would happen to blood cells that were placed in a hypotonic solution? A. The blood cells would burst B. The blood cells would shrink C. The blood cells would stay the same D. Cannot tell from the question “hypertonic” “hypotonic” Both OSMOSIS and DIFFUSION will result in the movement of molecules by PASSIVE TRANSPORT Passive transport doesn’t require any energy input- it just happens naturally. ACTIVE TRANSPORT Does require energy 11 Diffusion and osmosis are both vital to cell function. Diffusion and osmosis are similar in that they are both types of – A. protein synthesis processes B. passive transport processes C. cellular replication processes D. cellular metabolism processes 12 77 13 78 SYSTEMS Get a clicker! #1 81 2 82 3 A B C D 83 4 84 Circulatory passes nutrients, hormones, gases and blood- (oxygen is carried on hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells) throughout body Digestive breaks down food for absorption into circulatory system Nervous nerve cells releasing chemical messengers, look like tree branches/roots Endocrine hormones- adrenaline, estrogen, testosterone, insulin, serotonin, dopamine, etc. Excretory cleaning out wastes from blood (liver, kidneys) – the urinary system and sweat glands Lymphatic filters bad stuff from lymph fluid that surrounds tissues before returning plasma to blood Systems Reproductive duh.. Integumentary skin, protection, temp regulation, production of Vit. D Skeletal bones (red blood cells are made in bone marrow) Respiratory breathing, O2 / CO2 exchange Muscular muscles…controlled by nerve signals Immune fighting off infection, white blood cells, T-cells 5 86 6 A B C D 87 7 88 8 89 9 90 10 91 11 92 12 A B C D 93 13 94 14 A B C D 95 15 96 16 A B C D 97 DNA DAY • Juniors, Get a clicker!! How does the vacuole in the drawing above help to maintain the health of the cell? A. By capturing light and using it to convert inorganic material to glucose. B. By regulating the transport of materials in and out of the cell. C. By providing support and structure for the cell. D. By providing storage and maintaining turgor pressure against the cell wall. #1 The double helix (a twisted ladder) DNA DeoxyriboNucleic Acid The SEQUENCE of the bases makes us all unique by determining the characteristics of each individual Nucleotide: 1. Nitrogen base 2. Sugar 3. Phosphate Hydrogen Bond A T C G 2 104 Chromosomes Human body cells have 23 pairs or 46 chromosomes. Human gametes (sperm and egg) have only 23 chromosomes. Of the 46 chromosomes in human body cells, 1 pair or 2 sex chromosomes only determine whether a person is male or female. -Human females have 2 X-shaped sex chromosomes (XX). -Human males have 1 X-shaped and 1 Y-shaped chromosome (XY). DNA also has all the information needed to produce the proteins we must have for our bodies to function. How does that information get to the ribosomes, the protein producing components of the cells? If you need some medicine so that you can function well, you first go to the Doctor. The doctor writes you a PRESCRIPTION.. You take the PRESCRIPTION to the pharmacy. The pharmacist has to read and TRANSLATE the prescription in order to build your medicine. What happens when your cells need some protein so they can perform all their functions?? Well…. You have to go to Doctor DNA. Doctor DNA will write a TRANSCRIPTION (RNA) to be taken to the “pharmacy” of the cell, the ribosomes. RNA Transcription RNA: does not have T, replace T with U Once the RNA TRANSCRIPTION has been written, the order has to be taken to the pharmacy of the ribosomes. The “pharmacist” has to TRANSLATE the order so it can build the protein. RNA Translation DNA A protein is a chain of amino acids formed in the ribosomes during “Translation” Doctor DNA will write a TRANSCRIPTION (RNA) to be taken to the “pharmacy” of the cell, the ribosomes. The “pharmacist” has to TRANSLATE the order so it can build the protein. Transcription results in a strand of RNA. Translation result in a protein. 3 TTAGCG Which of the following nucleotide base sequences of RNA complement the section of DNA modeled above? A. AATCGC B. AAUCGC C. GCGATT D. TTUCGC 4 One strand in a molecule of DNA is represented by the sequence below: AGTTACA Which of the following does each letter represent? A. A sugar B. A nitrogen base C. A protein D. A phosphate group 5 115 Translation Transcription DNA In nucleus Now you try it: mRNA On ribosome Protein ATGACGGTC 1. Write this DNA code down on the side of your marker board or paper. 1. Use TRANSCRIPTION to decode the strand into mRNA. 2. Model TRANSLATION by listing the amino acids that these codons stand for. Use the amino acid chart on the next slide. 6. Which amino acid is coded for from this section of mRNA = AGU A. Cysteine B. Aspartic Acid C. Arginine D. Serine 7 A B C D 118 DNA Replication Making copies of DNA strands. Result: 2 strands of the same DNA Replication is necessary because cells die and new replacement cells must by made that have exactly the same DNA as the parent cell. DNA Replication If somehow the DNA bases get mixed up during replication, a MUTATION occurs. The SEQUENCE of the DNA base pairs determine genetic characteristics Mutations occur when that sequence is messed up. Mutations result in more variation in the species. Some mutations help the survival of the species. Some don’t help. Mutations result in the evolution of species. 8 A B C D 123 9 DNA molecules separate into single strands, which are then used to construct two identical strands of DNA. This process ensures genetic A. consistency B. variability C. diversity D. reduction 10 A biologist collects DNA samples from two sisters. The younger sister has blond hair. The older sister has red hair. The sisters have different traits because their DNA contains differentA. orders of nucleotides B. types of sugar molecules C. sized phosphate groups D. types of nitrogenous bases. DNA Replication There are two kinds of replication: Mitosis Meiosis MiTosis Product: Two cells idenTical to original cell that each have all their genetic material “Binary fission” Used for: regular growth and replacement of dead cells Meiosis Product: Four different cellsGAMETES with only HALF of their genetic material Used for : producing sperm and egg cells for reproduction 11 129 12 A B C D 130 13 A B C D 131 14 132 Punnett Square “Alleles”: C or c Genotype: what the genes say Phenotype: what the offspring looks like 15 134 Heterozygous- having two different alleles: Bb Homozygous- have the same two alleles: BB or bb 16 A pea plant with a tall phenotype is pollinated by a short plant, and the seeds of the first generation hybrid produce 327 tall plants and 321 short plants. What is the genotype of the two parent plants? A. TT x tt B. TT x Tt C. Tt x Tt D. Tt x tt Pedigrees with Recessive traits Male without characteristic being studied Female without characteristic being studied Male with characteristic being studied Female with characteristic being studied 17 Which cellular function does this model represent? A. Respiration B. Protein synthesis C. DNA replication D. Photosynthesis Speaking of sex…. 18 A. B. C. D. Which parts of a flower are NOT used in reproduction? Sepal and pedicel Stigma and style Anther and filament Receptacle and ovary pedicel Systems Circulatory blood Digestive food Nervous nerve cells releasing chemical messengers Endocrine hormones Excretory cleaning out wastes from blood (liver, kidneys) – the urinary system Lymphatic filters bad stuff from lymph fluid Reproductive duh.. Integumentary skin Skeletal bones Respiratory breathing Muscular muscles… Immune fighting off infection, white blood cells, T-cells