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Matrix Management
FOR 272 – Sustainable Forest
Management
Global Deforestation
– Deforestation accounts for 20 to 30% of global greenhouse gas
emissions
FAO (2005):
• 13 million hectares deforested annually
• Net loss of 7.3 million ha/yr (2000-2005)
• Down from 8.9 million ha/yr (1990-2000)
• Rates now increasing again due to conversion for oil palm
plantations
http://www.millenniumassessment.org//en/index.aspx
IUCN’s* Six Protected Areas
Management Categories
Category I.
Category II.
Category III.
Category IV.
Category V.
Category VI.
Strict Nature Reserve: managed for science or wilderness
National Park: managed primarily for ecosystem protection
and recreation
Natural Monument: managed primarily for conservation of
specific natural features
Habitat/Species Management Area: managed for conservation
through active intervention
Protected Landscape/Seascape: Managed for cultural and
scenic integrity, conservation, and recreation; human
settlements and agricultural areas are accommodated
Managed Resource Protected Area: Managed primarily for the
sustainable use of ecosystems
IUCN = The World Conservation Union, previously
known as the International Union for the Conservation
of Nature
Status of the World’s Protected Areas
• 12% of terrestrial ecosystems
• < 10% of the world’s lakes
• 0.5% of marine areas
Data: World Conservation
Monitoring Centre
From Lindenmayer and Franklin (2002)
• No more than 10-15% of the world major biomes are likely
ever to be protected
• 50 % of tropical taxa predicted to go extinct with several
decades even if > 10% of tropical forests are protected (Soule
and Sanjayan 1998)
• Continued bias towards high elevations and least productive
soils
• Hotspots and representativeness will be key issues
25 biological hotspots
1.4 percent of Earth’s land surface
 35 percent of vertebrate species
44 percent of the world’s plant species.
 1/3 of terrestrial plants and animals confined to less
than 2 percent of the Earth’s surface.
Most hotspots have no conservation protection.
Atlantic Rainforest Restoration
• The Atlantic rainforest
once covered 400,000
square miles
• Only 7% remains
• 450 tree species per
hectare
• 2.7% of world’s plant
species just in what is
left
• Testing innovative
funding mechanisms
 U.S. companies paying
for carbon sequestration
• How do we restore it?
Matrix
Large
Core
Reserve
Riparian Corridor
Buffer
Riparian
Restoration
Wetland
Restoration
Matrix
Large
Core
Reserve
Buffer
Small
Core
Reserve
Critical Roles for the Matrix
1. Supporting populations of species
2. Regulating the movement of organisms
3. Buffering sensitive areas and reserves
4. Maintaining the integrity of aquatic
ecosystems
5. Opportunities for timber harvesting and
resource extraction
Critical Roles for the Matrix
Other ecosystem functions
•
Hydrologic and watershed processes
•
Regulation of regional and global climate
•
Carbon sequestration
•
Nutrient cycling and soil conservation
•
Pollination service
•
Clean air and clean water
•
Open space, recreation, aesthetics, wilderness/outdoors
experiences, quality of life amenities, etc.
Matrix Management
Principles
1. Maintenance of connectivity
2. Maintenance of landscape heterogeneity
3. Maintenance of stand complexity
4. Maintenance of intact aquatic ecosystems
5. Risk-spreading
Late-Successional
Reserves Established by
the Northwest Forest Plan
From: Vogt, K.A., J.C. Gordon, J.P. Wargo, D.J. Vogt, H.
Asbjornsen, P.A. Palmiotto, H. J. Clark, J.L. O’Hara, W.S.
Keeton, T. Patel-Weynand, and E. Witten. 1997.
Ecosystems: Balancing Science with Management.
Springer-Verlag, New York, N.Y. 470 pp.
“Demonstration of Ecosystem
Management Options”
Weyerhaeuser Co. Variable Retention Forestry
National Forest System Lands
Red-Cockaded
Woodpecker
(Picoides borealis )
• Population declines due to loss
of habitat
• Requires mature (70-100 year
old) long-leaf pine forests for
nesting
• Requires open-canopied, singlelayered structure maintained by
low intensity fire
• Forestry practices now the
leading problem:
• Short-rotation silviculture
• Fire suppression
Historical Range of the Red-cockaded Woodpecker
• Historic: 74-92 millions acres of longleaf pine
ecosystems on coastal plains of the southeast
• Current: 3 million acres remaining
Matrix Management Examples for
Red-Cockaded Woodpecker
•
Federal ESA Recovery Plan Pending
•
International Paper Habitat Conservation Plan for
Southlands Experimental Forest in Bainbridge, Georgia
1. Requires conservation of 1,500 acres of suitable
nesting habitat
2. Increase this to 5,000 acres
3. Goal of 25-30 nesting clusters
What forestry practices should private companies
and government agencies follow?
-> Conclusion: Maximizing NPV results in a net
reduction of suitable habitat. Moderate NPV
scenarios provide sufficient habitat
Former International Paper Lands: 172,000 acres
Former Champion
International Lands
132,000 acres total:
26,000 to West Mountain
Wildlife Management Area
22,000 to Nulhegen National
Wildlife Refuge
84,000 to Essex Timber Co.
Former Champion
International Lands in
Northeastern Vermont
Apply the Triad Model: Where are the
reserves? Which of these qualify?
What form will Matrix Management take
on Essex Timber Co lands?
FSC Certification – Smartwood - 2003