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Bellwork – 1/27/2014 1) What are some reasons for male aggression? 2) How is imprinting different than conditioning? **Exam on Wednesday! Reproductive behavior • Sexual selection – Courtship/Dominance – hooded seal, bird of paradise – Female choice – Male aggression • Leks – a gathering of males for the purpose of competitive mating displays. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uGIQxBbYm10 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3-Q3x3j6zw&feature=related Mating strategies • Why are females, biologically, more important than males? • Human Examples: – Mrs. Feodor Vassilyev – 27 births, 69 children (16 pairs of twins, 7 triplets, 4 quadruplets) [1707-1782] – Ismail Ibn Sharif – 867 children (525 sons, 342 daughters) [1672-1727] Mating strategies • Promiscuous • Monogamous • Polygamous: – Polygynous – many females (anything with an alpha male, lions, hippos, many primates) – polyandrous – many males (pipefish, honeybees, blue whales) • Certainty of paternity matters! Kelp Greenling Multiple paternity – broods of half brothers & sisters Symbiosis Hippocampus barbiganti Pigmy seahorse Symbiosis Trumpetfish / herbivores Clownfishes / Anemones Vendellia cirrhosa (The dreaded Candiru) Urinophilus diabolicus (leach-like) Behavioral ecology • Animals behave in ways that maximize their fitness – Reproductive behavior = more successful offspring – Feeding behavior = maximum energy gain • Research examples: – Sparrows and cuckoldry – Cheetahs and prey selection – Elephant seals and polygyny – Humpback whale songs Feeding Behavior • Example - Sunfish, provide predator with prey of different sizes and different densities, fish respond by foraging optimally (taking the most energetically rich prey under the appropriate conditions) Feeding Behavior • Example - Sunfish, provide predator with prey of different sizes and different densities, fish respond by foraging optimally (taking the most energetically rich prey under the appropriate conditions) Fish Behaviors • Migration • Shoaling (schooling/swarming) • Feeding • Aggression • Resting • Communication Fish Migration • Fish migrations are usually round-trip • Reasons for migration – Food gathering – Temperature adjustment – Breeding Timing of migrations – Annual – Daily – generational Classification of Fish Migration • Diadromous – Travel between sea & fresh water – Anadromous – most of life at sea, breed in fresh water – Catadromous – most of life in fresh water, breed at sea Reasons for Migrations • Take advantage of different habitats – Feeding – Protection • Avoid adverse conditions • Meet requirements for reproduction Orientation During Migration • Orientation to gradients of temperature, salinity, and chemicals • Orientation by the sun • Orientation to geomagnetic and geoelectric fields Disadvantages of Migrations • Expenditure of energy – Most must store energy before migration • Risk from predation Adjustments Required Due to Migrations • Adjusting physiologically to new water conditions – Temperature – Light – Water chemistry • Many migratory species are now rapidly declining due to changes caused by man Migration Migration 10,000 Golden Rays migrating from Florida to Mexico Get into groups of 2 1) Give three examples of animal migration. Why do they do this? Where do they go? 2) Why would it be beneficial for a species to learn to always take down the largest available prey? The weakest prey? 3) How is a fixed action pattern different than learning? 4) Which has a greater influence on an aquatic species, nature, nurture, or somewhere in the middle. Provide an argument with examples. 5) Is there a reproductive strategy that is MOST advantageous? Describe a situation in which each of the following could be ideal: monogamy, polygyny, polyandry Bellwork – 1/14/2013 1) All things being equal, a hunter will go for which type of prey? 2) How is a catadromous migration different than an anadromous migration? Definitions • Shoal - any group of fishes that remains together for social reasons • School - a polarized, synchronized shoal (has coordinated, directed movements) How do Schools Work? • Requires great deal of coordination among individuals in the school • Vision is primary sensory cue for coordinating movement • Use of optomotor reaction - individual movement is coordinated with movement of some other visually distinctive object - e.g. a spot or a stripe Functions of Schooling Behavior • Hydrodynamic efficiency – individuals obtain reduction in drag by following in “slip-stream” of neighbors – limited evidence in support of this Functions of Schooling Behavior • Reduced predation risk – creates patchy distribution of prey - large areas with no prey – once school is found, individual risk of being captured is reduced by dilution – confusion of predators by protean displays, encirclement, other behaviors Functions of Schooling Behavior • Feeding – increases effective search space for the individual (more eyes, separated by greater distance) – coordinated movements to help break up schools of prey - analogous to pack behavior in wolves - by tunas, jacks Functions of Schooling Behavior • Reproduction – increases likelihood of finding a mate – facilitates coordination of preparedness (behavioral and pheromonal cues) – facilitates arriving at right spawning site at right time Fish Behavior & Communication • Shoaling • A social grouping of fish • Occurs throughout life in about 25% of fish species • Half of all fish shoal at some time • Benefits of Shoaling • Gives a predator many moving targets – Confuses predators – Increases chances at the individual level – Increases food finding ability • Keeps potential mates in close proximity Fish Behavior & Communication • Pods • Tightly grouped school • Move as a single unit (including making quick turns) • Makes the pod appear like one large organism – Protection from predators Liabilities of Grouping Behavior • Increased likelihood of disease & parasite transmission • Becoming more conspicuous to some predators – Harvested more easily by man Feeding Behavior • Morphology is often a key to feeding behavior – many fish have specialized habits • Actual feeding may depend on what is available • Optimal foraging – Take whatever is closest, as long as it is suitable food – Highest quality of food for the least amount of effort Optimal Foraging • All else being equal, take the largest prey • Don’t choose prey that takes more energy than it provides • Be in a habitat that provides the type of food you are looking for Risk Sensitive Foraging • Foraging is sometimes restricted because of undo risk – It does not make sense to look for prey where you will become the prey – Must balance energy gain possibility with risk of obtaining the energy Aggressive Behavior • Direct charges – Often includes biting - Ritualistic displays – Modified swimming – Flaring gill covers – Color changes – Threatening movements Reasons for Aggressive Behavior • Defense of territory – Usually connected with reproduction – Sometimes to keep food source • Defense of brood • Repelling competitors for mates Resting Behavior • Inactive state • Some fish spend a large part of the day not doing anything • Many species change color patterns • Most fish rest on or near the substrate • Many fish have a specified time of day when resting takes place • Some fish never rest (Sleep swimming?) – Must keep moving (sharks) How visual signals are produced • Types of coloring – Pigments • Colored compounds • Located in chromatophores – In mostly in skin, but also in eyes & organs • Controlled by hormones & nerves Red Coloration • Red fish are common • Cryptic color in low light • Blends in to red algae • Used in spawning fish – Recognized at short distances – Does not attract predators at long distance • Bright, complex color patterns – Some fish use this to advertise when protecting territories – May serve to signal shoal – In some cases it may be used for predator avoidance • Blending into a complex background – Flash effect to avoid predators – May serve as a warning to others • Disrupt the outline of the fish – Make them less visible – Often associated with beds of plants Also known as “protective resemblance” or “aggressive resemblance”...depends on state of animal. Oriental Sweetlips Leafy Sea Dragon Coleman Shrimp Toadfish Leaf Scorpionfish Flounder • Being dark on top, light on bottom – Look like substrate from above – Look like water surface from below Eye Spots • Usually at base of caudal fin – Usually used to confuse predators • Common in some fry – Sometimes used for species recognition Lateral/Horizontal Stripes • Mid-lateral band usually • Best developed in schooling fish – Keep school oriented while confusing predators – Makes it hard to pick out individuals Emperor Angelfish Sergeant Major Copperband Butterfly Auditory Signals • Most fish produce sounds • Uses for sound – Courtship singing – Territorial defense – Signaling shoal Sound Production • Stridulation – Rubbing hard surfaces together – Low frequency sounds • Vibration of swimbladder – Can give loud croaking • Photo used with permission of Dr. Craig S. Kasper