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Chapters 19 and 20: The Age of Exploration and Isolation Essential Questions 1. What factors helped to spur and develop European and Asian Exploration? 2. Describe the positive and negative effects of European exploration and colonization of the Americas. I. For “God, Glory, and Gold” by early 1400’s Europeans, influenced by Renaissance ideals, were ready to venture beyond their borders desire for new sources of wealth fueled European expansion Europeans had become very wealthy from Asian spice trade Popular spices: nutmeg, cinnamon, pepper How do I get to India? But the Italian merchants had a monopoly on the overland Asian spice market Therefore, Europeans began looking for direct water routes to Asia Desire to spread Christianity also motivated exploration- Bartolomeu Dias, a Portuguese explorer, explained his motives for exploration, “to serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do.” So why did the explorers go?? God, Glory, Gold! II. New Technologies Make Exploration Possible Caravel- a ship with triangular sails that could sail against the wind Astrolabe- perfected by Muslims, was a navigational tool that tracked latitude Magnetic Compass- invented by the Chinese, could track direction III. Portugal Leads the Way Portugal was a leader in using and creating these new sailing technologies Prince Henry of Portugal was a big supporter of exploration- he funded navigation schools to teach sea captains the newest techniques The Portuguese believed that to find a direct water route to Asia’s riches they needed to sail around the southern tip of Africa 1488 Dias was first to accomplish this, but quickly returned home 1497 Portuguese explorer, Vasco da Gama reached port city of Calicut on the southwestern coast of India found riches beyond imagination, returned w/ cargo worth 60x the cost of the voyage IV. Spain Also Makes Claims As the Portuguese established trading posts in Africa & India, Spanish monarchs watched with envy 1492 Italian sea Captain, Christopher Columbus convinced Spain to fund a bold plan to find a western water route to Asia and India’s riches The “Age of Exploration” was about to begin in earnest Assignment ► Turn to p. 531, read “Tools of Exploration” ► Answer the two questions in your Journal Assignment: ►Turn to page 534 in your book ►Recreate the map showing the following places: - England - Netherlands (Dutch) - France - Portugal -China - Spain - Dias’s route - India -Da Gama’s route -Port of Calicut in India Christopher Columbus Opens the Age of Exploration V. Spain Builds an American Empire (ch.20.1) Aug 1492 Columbus led Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria as they left Spain in search of a western water route to Asia 2 months later landed in what he thought was India- Columbus called natives who greeted his crew “Indians” actually in Bahamas and had discovered a “new world” for Europeans Columbus explored islands near him in search of gold 1493- He returned to Spain claiming he’d found western route to Asia Spanish monarchs pleased- wanted to set up colonies- lands controlled by another country for purpose of economic gain for “mother” country Spain would launch 3 more voyages through Columbus to set up colonies Columbus’ Journeys VI. Other Explorers Take to the Seas 1501 Amerigo Vespucci, sailing for Portugal, explored coast of South America, claimed it was not India, but a “new world” German mapmaker named new continents “America” in honor of Vespucci HC Real Story of Columbus Video Pre Colombian-Era Mauro Map- 1459 Post Columbian map- 1600 1519- Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan led expedition around southern tip of South America Magellan trying to circumnavigate, sail around, the world Magellan died in battle in Philippines, crew continued, became first to circumnavigate globe VII. Spanish Conquests in Mexico (ch. 20.1) 1519, while Magellan sailing around world, a Spanish explorer, Hernando Cortés landed in Mexico Cortés and other Spanish explorers known as conquistadors b/c their goal was conquering and colonizationGOLD!! 1521 Cortés conquered Aztecs w/ superior weapons and European diseases- measles, mumps, smallpox natives had no immunities to new diseasesin 80 years native pop dropped from 25 million to 1 million Cortés and Spanish conquered/enslaved native ppl in their search for gold VIII. Competing Claims in North America England, France, and the Netherlands soon became interested in making their own colonies in the new world 1607 the English established their first permanent settlement in the Americas, Jamestown 1608 French explorer, Samuel de Champlain sailed up the St. Lawrence River w/ 32 colonists and founded Quebec Quebec became capital of France’s colonies in the new world called “New France” 1609 Henry Hudson, Dutch explorer claimed 3 waterways in north eastern North America that were later named for him (Hudson Bay, the Hudson River, Hudson Strait) 1621- the Dutch gov’t expanded on this area to create “New Netherland” Champlain’s Route Hudson’s Routes Assignment: ►In your textbook, read “The Legacy of Columbus” (p. 560) and answer the Document Based Questions 1-4. Answer question 4 on your paper instead of how directed in the question. IX. Effects of Discovery and Colonization of the New World A. The Columbian Exchange Columbus’ discovery of Americas led to a global transfer of people, foods, plants, animals, and disease called the Columbian Exchange 3 main results of this exchange: 1. Trade w/ Americas introduced new food/plants to Europe/Asia - New foods to Europe/Asia: tomatoes, squash, pineapples, tobacco, chocolate, corn, potatoes 2. New powerful societies- new colonies (ie. Jamestown, Quebec…) that would eventually become new nations (USA, Canada…) 3. Migration- allowed or forced migration of millions of ppl including slave trade… ► The Atlantic Slave Trade (Ch.20.3) sugar plantations & tobacco farms of European colonies required large amounts of labor used enslaved natives at first but natives were rapidly dying from disease, war, enslavement Europeans find another source of cheap labor= Africa Atlantic Slave Trade, dominated by English, soon became massive enterprise- by 1600 nearly 300,000 Africans had been transported to the Americas as slaves By 1870 (when slave trade ended) Europeans had imported about 9.5 million African slaves • Africans transported to Americas as part of a 3- way trading network linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas called Triangular Trade- the Middle Passage was leg that carried slaves from Africa to new world • Upon arrival slaves auctioned off to work in fields, mines, or as domestic servants Triangular Trade Effects/Impacts of Colonization 1. Columbian Exchange- global transfer of ppl, foods, plants, animals, disease 2. New Economic Systems Jamestown & Tobacco- America the Story of Us clip (youtube) 1. Columbian Exchange- global transfer of ppl, foods, plants, animals, disease Trade new food/animals New Powerful Societies 2. New Economic Systems Migration including slave trade B. New Economic Systems(Ch.20.4) colonization of the Americas prompted an economic revolution in Europe spawning 2 new economic systems: 1. Capitalism- an economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources to make a profit - Capitalism allowed individual business men to obtain great wealth 2. Mercantilism- states that a nation’s power depended on their wealth and nations should seek to obtain as much wealth as possible. A nation could obtain wealth in two ways: a. Obtain as much gold and silver as possible b. favorable balance of trade- sell more goods than you buy These new economic policies built strong nations and strong rulers- what could be wrong with this? Led to?? Effects/Impacts of Colonization 1. Columbian Exchange Trade New Powerful Societies 2. Economic Systems Migration X. Other Nations Challenge the Portuguese and Spanish 1600’s- English and Dutch began to challenge Portugal’s dominance of Asian and Indian trade both nations developed strong East Indian Companies to regulate their trade w/ the region- companies could mint money, make treaties, and even raise armies Dutch East India Company- most powerful and ruled most of Indonesia ►Turn Assignment: to page 555 in your book ►Label the following explorers’ journeys, countries, and settlements on your map: - - Columbus in 1492 Cortes in 1519 Magellan in 1519 Hudson in 1609 and 1610 Jamestown Santo Domingo Tenochtitlan XI. China Limits European Contacts ►XI. China Limits European Contacts by 1300’s, the Chinese were united under the Ming Dynasty the Ming Dynasty was curious about the outside world Zheng He (jung huh) a Chinese Muslim admiral led 7 large voyages of exploration for China, sometimes taking up to 300 ships in a single voyage However, by 1433, the Chinese had adopted a policy of isolationism 1500’s, European countries began looking for trading relationships in East Asia- first China and later Japan Qing (ching)Dynasty, ruler Kangxi continued China’s policy of isolation, placing strict rules on foreign trade but Kangxi was a scholar and patron of the arts- he allowed trade w/ the Dutch because they paid tributes and showed respect Emperor Kangxi ►XII. Japan Returns to Isolation Beginning in the 1300’s, Japan experienced a time of civil war and discord Oda Nobunaga (oh-dah, noh-boo-nahgah) a brutal and ambitions general, attempted to unify Japan in 1568 but failed Nobunaga committed seppuku ritual suicide in 1582 Tokugawa Ieyasu (toh-koo-gah-wah, ee-yeh-yah-soo) was able to unify Japan in 1600- his strict control of the military finally brought peace Under the Tokugawa Shogunate traditional culture began to thrive New type of literature the haiku, 5-7-5, three line poetry, became popular Example: Curving up, then down. Meeting blue sky and green earth Melding sun and rain. New form of drama, the kabuki theaterused elaborate costumes, music, dance, and mime to tell stories of everyday life Japanese Kabuki Theater ► XIII. Contact between Europe and Japan Europeans began coming to Japan in the 16th century The merchants and missionaries were welcomed at first but were soon resented By 1639 the shoguns of Tokugawa issued a “closed country” policy For more than 200 years Japan remained basically closed to Europeans and the Japanese were forbidden to leave Timeline Assignment ►In your Journal create a timeline of the following 8 events from Chapters 18-20: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Creation of Ottoman Empire Creation of Safavid Empire Creation of Mughal Empire Da Gama Zheng He Columbus Magellan Tokugawa Shogunate Essay Pre-Write Describe at least 4 effects of the discovery & colonization of the New World Steps- in your group: 1. Brainstorm- list effects (4) & example/proof of each 2. Intro- compose intro/thesis sentence- include 4 effects 3. Body Point 1- Describe/explain the 1st effect including an example/proof 4. Body Point 2- Describe/explain the 2nd effect including an example/proof 5. Body Point 3- Describe/explain the 3rd effect including an example/proof 6. Body Point 4- Describe/explain the 4th effect including an example/proof 7. Conclusion- compose a concluding sentence ►