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GR 7.1 Understanding Solutions Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Sample answers: a. Detail A solvent is the part of a solution that is present in the largest amount and that dissolves other substances. b. Detail A solute is present in a smaller amount and is dissolved by th solvent. c. Detail Water is often called the “universal solvent” because so many substances can form solutions in water. d. Detail Solutions can also be made with solvents other than water using any combination of gasses, liquids, or solids. Understanding Solutions Guided Reading and Study 1. solution 2. a. Solvent b. Solute c. Water d. Sugar 3. solute; solvent 4. Water dissolves so many substances. 5. false 6. A colloid is a mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out. 7. larger 8. a, c 9. A suspension is a mixture in which particles can be seen and easily separated by settling or filtration. 10. Unlike a solution, a suspension does not have the same properties throughout. It contains visible particles that are larger than the particles in solutions or colloids. 11. The particles of the solute leave each other and become surrounded by particles of the solvent. 12. c, d 13. salt solution 14. a, b GR 7.2 Concentration and Solubility Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Sample answers: dilute solution: I put just a dash of salt in the boiling water while I made dinner, making a dilute solution. concentrated solution: I left the tea bag in my cup a long time, making a concentrated solution. solubility: My aunt’s iced tea was so sweet, I wondered if sugar’s solubility in water is actually higher than what I’d learned in my textbook. saturated solution: My aunt’s super sweet tea must have been a saturated solution. unsaturated solution: On the other hand, my uncle makes a weak sweetened tea that surely must be an unsaturaed solution. supersaturated solution: If you heated my aunt’s sweet tea, I supose you might get a bit more sugar to dissolve in it, making it a supersaturated solution. 1. b 2. a 3. You can add more solute or you can add or remove solvent. 4. To measure concentration, you compare the amount of solute to the amount of solvent or to the total amount of solution. 5. Solubility is a measure of how well a solute can dissolve in a solvent at a given temperature. 6. saturated solution 7. unsaturated solution 8. sugar 9. true 10. pressure; type of solvent; temperature 11. more 12. false 13. a, b, d GR 7.3 Describing Acids and Bases Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Sample answers: Q. What is an acid? A. An acid is a substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus paper red. Q. What is a base? A. A base is a substance that tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue. Q. What are uses of acids and bases? A. Uses of acids include cleaning products, fertilizers, and car batteries; uses of bases include cleaning products, baking ingredients, and cement manufacturing. 1. It tastes sour. It reacts with metals and carbonates. It turns blue litmus paper red. 2. Scientists never taste chemicals in order to identify them. Many acids are not safe to eat. 3. Acids eat away at other materials. 4. Carbon dioxide gas forms. 5. indicator 6. It turns blue litmus paper red because lemon juice is acidic. 7. It tastes bitter. It feels slippery. It turns red litmus paper blue. 8. false 9. true 10. home; industry 11. acids GR 7.3 Acids and Bases in Solution Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Sample questions and answers: Q. What is a neutral solution? A. A neutral solution is one that has a pH close to 7. Q. What is neutralization? A. Neutralization is a reaction between an acid and a base. 1. A hydrogen ion is an atom of hydrogen that has lost its electron. 2. hydrogen ions and negative ions 3. acid 4. A hydroxide ion is a negative ion made of oxygen and hydrogen. 5. base 6. a, c 7. The pH scale is a range of values from 0 to 14. It express the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. 8. Milk: about 6.5; soap: 10; water: 7; vinegar: about 2.8; lemon: about 2.2; ammonia: about 11.5 9. false 10. high 11. a, b 12. neutralization 13. false 14. A salt is any ionic compound made from the neutralization of an acid with a base. 15. water; a salt GR 7.4 Digestion and pH Guided Reading and Study Use Target Reading Skills Sample answers: a. mouth b. 2 c. proteins d. At a pH near 8, enzymes in the small intestine complete the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. 1. digestion 2. Foods must be broken down into simpler substances that the body can use for raw materials and energy. 3. a. A physical process in which large pieces of food are torn and ground into smaller pieces b. Chemical reactions break large molecules into smaller ones. 4. a, c, d 5. true 6. Amylase is an enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch into smaller sugar molecules. 7. 7 8. proteins 9. Cells in the lining of the stomach release hydrochloric acid. 10. Pepsin breaks down proteins into amino acids. 11. Digestive fluid in the small intestine contains bicarbonate ions, which create a slightly basic solution. 12. true 13. small intestine