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• tRNA = brings Amino Acids to ribosomes
(ribosomes helper)
• mRNA = Carries genetic code from
DNA/inside nucleus to ribosomes
• Transcription – Re-writing DNA code into
mRNA
• Translation – Bldg. the protein (by
ribosome reading mRNA)
• Hypertonic – greater # solutes outside of
cell
• Hypotonic – lower # of solutes outside of
cell
• Passive transport – No energy used to
inport/export substances
•
Diffusion – moving from high-low conc.
•
osmosis – diffusion of Water(diffusion
just special term when its water)
•
Facilitated diffusion – use of carrier
proteins to inport/export….still no energy
• Active transport – cell uses energy to
inport/export substances.
• When used: Big molecules (ex. Proteins)
– Trasporting against a concentration gradient.
– Other material not able to pass/diffuse (non-lipid soluble)
• Exocytosis – cell pckgs material in vesicle for
export…moves to plasma (cell
membrane)…merges w/membrane then spills
outside of cell.
• Important for any secretory cells---Pancreas
(insulin=modified protein)
• Endocytosis – plasma memb. Engulfs
material (food, water,etc).
•
Phagocytosis – “cell eating”
• Pinocytosis - “cell drinking”
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Phases of Mitosis
PMAT:
Prophase: centrioles migrate to opp. Poles
Metaphase: Chromosomes align in Middle
Anaphase: Chromosomes pulled Apart by
spindle fibers
• telophase: Cell begins to split..become
two; cleavage furrow.
Stages of Mitosis
Figure 3.14; 1
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide
3.36a
• Plasma Membrane
Specializations
 Microvilli
 Finger-like
projections that
increase surface
area for absorption
On cells lining the
Digestive tract!
Figure 3.3
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 3.8a
Hydro___?___
Hydro___?___
Stabilizes/stiffens plasma
membrane
Cell organelles - Function
• Lysosome – vesicles of digestive enzymes
• Mitochondria – “powerhouse of the cell”,
site of cellular respiration (ATP production)
• Golgi Apparatus – “fedEx of Cell”,
packages proteins for delivery in/out of cell
• Endoplasmic Reticulum – “highway of the
cell”, transports proteins throughout cell.
– Rough E.R. = has Ribosomes
– Smooth E.R. = no ribosomes
• Nucleolus – makes ribosomes, inside
nucleus
• Nucleus – contains DNA, “control center of
Cell”…..DNA is genetic code.
• Cytoplasm – portion of cell outside of
nucleus where cell organelles are located.
– Cytosol – gel-like fluid of the cytoplasm
• Cytoskeleton – provides structure/support
to cell, “I-beams of cell
– Microtubules make largest part of
cytoskeleton, also microfilaments & intermediate
fibers.
Ribosomes – Make proteins
Cilia – hair-like projections on plasma membrane that
move substances across the cell. Cells of
Respiratory Tract=perfect ex. Constantly moving
inhaled particles (pollen,smoke) upwards away from
deep lung.
Flagella: whip-like structure that propels the cell, Sperm
cell in humans.