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World History I Early Man Why study geography & public speaking for that matter? According to Miss Teen USA 2007! Why study history? According to Rafiki!! What is history? Pre-history—before writing History—study of written records BC=before Christ Dates go in reverse (255, 254, 253, etc) AD=Anno Domini (in the year of our lord in Latin) Dates go normally 200 BC AD 100 Jesus is 100 born 200 Sources Primary: st 1 hand (i.e. diary or letter) Secondary: nd 2 hand- person was not there (i.e. textbooks) Study “stuff” (artifacts) left behind (pottery, tools, buildings, etc.) Radio-carbon Dating Only organic (once living) material Measures Carbon 14 left in material Archaeologist- 1974—Dr. Donald Johanson discovered “Lucy”—pre-historic female skeleton Bipedal 3.2 million years old Australopithecus “Southern Ape”—more ape than human (Lucy) 4 million years ago 4 ft. tall Small brain, flat nose, large teeth Large Brained Hominids Homo habilis 2 mya “Handy Man”- tools Homo erectus 1 mya “Upright Man” - fire Homo sapiens 200,000 ya “Wise Man” - smart Cue “Becoming Human” Prologue & Evidence Homo sapiens East Africa 100,000400,000 years ago Migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, & the Americas Ice Ages allowed migration Land bridges Early humans were hunters-gatherers (depended on wild plants & animals) Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) BC – 8,000 BC Nomadic 1st tools FIRE Lived in clans Oral language Cave art 500,000 Neanderthal Neander Valley, Germany 100,000 years ago Large brains Thick bones Muscular necks & shoulders Hyoid bone Cue “Becoming Human” Lineages Cro-Magnon 40,000 years ago Looked like us 35,000 yrs ago CroMagnon replaced Neanderthal Homo sapiens—Cro-Magnon Excellent toolmakers Knife Chisel Bone fish hooks Bone needles Stone axe Canoe—allowed for transportation and trade Bow & arrow Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) 8,000 BC- 3,000 BC Domesticated plants=AGRICULTURE Domesticated animals Farming allowed humans to settle down & create civilizations Civilization Produce food surplus Establish towns Establish governments Neolithic Revolution Specialization of labor Loom —weaving Wheel —transportation Brick—buildings Metal work—weapons, tools, jewelry Calendars—planting & harvesting times Religion Neolithic Revolution Early villages developed near rivers Different areas grew different crops Asia—rice North/Central America—corn (maize) South America—potatoes Middle East—wheat and barley Neolithic Revolution Plow Bronze (copper + tin) Fertilizers (fish or manure) Irrigation Stonehenge Site in England that was begun during the Neolithic and completed during the Bronze Age. Writing Invented by priests— keep track of offerings Earliest writing— pictograms (marks & pictures) Oldest prehistoric village-found in ancient Palestine (8000 B.C. ) c. 7000 BC Catal Huyuk Anatolia (Modern Day Turkey) Walls enclosed 32 acres & 6,000 people Largest Neolithic village Fertile Crescent “Cradles of Civilization” river valleys=rich soil & irrigation 5,000 BC: Civilization in Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia=“land between 2 rivers” Tigris & Euphrates Rivers USA Mesopotamia was located in the Middle East. The Fertile Crescent The Fertile Crescent Sumer 3500 BC—1st cities city-states—city & surrounding land with its own, independent government Sumer City-states shared culture: Cuneiform (600 + symbols—writing on clay using wedgetipped reed (stylus) – only scribes could read & write Polytheists 7 main gods, 1,000 lesser gods Farmland owned by god/temple Ziggurats—stone temples – god of heaven Enlil – air/wind Enki – water An Creation story Flood story (like Noah) City-states had kings (religious, military, & political leader)=Theocracy Sumerians invented: Potter’s wheel Wagon wheel Sundial 12 month calendar Bronze Metal plow Math based on 60 Akkadians Took over Sumer 2000s BC Sargon the Great (found in river like Moses) Babylonians Hammurabi’s Code st 1 set of written laws “An eye for an eye” Stealing a slave = death Slave striking freeman=60 blows w/ ox whip/hand cut off Wife embarrasses husband = divorce Unfaithful wife arranges murder of husband=her & her love impaled Woman drinks in tavern = burned to death Son strikes father = hand cut off Wife disgraced by husband=she leaves w/ dowry Man strikes a pregnant lady & child dies=pay 10 gold coins, if lady dies=man’s daughter put to death Assyrians 1st to use cavalry & chariots Battering rams & siege towers Cruel to the conquered – deported them “ I built a pillar over against his city gate, and I flayed all the chief men who had revolted, and I covered the pillar with their skins; some I walled up within the pillar, some I impaled upon the pillar on stakes, and others I bound to stakes round the about the pillar; many within the border of my own land I flayed, and I spread their skins upon the walls; and I cut off the limbs of the officers, of the royal officers who had rebelled.” The Book of Nahum tells us that the merchants of Assyria were more numerous than "the stars of heaven" (3:16). Among the goods in which Assyrians traded were high-quality apparel, especially bluecolored clothing, exquisite embroidery, and fine furniture, expertly made of cedar "bound with cords" (Ezek.27:23-24). In its time of glory on earth Assyria "caused terror in the land of the living" (Ezek.32:2123). Except for Babylon, God's people (the Hebrews) were harmed more by Assyria than any nation. 650 BC- Assyrian Empire from Persian Gulf to Egypt Saved Epic of Gilgamesh Chaldeans King Nebuchadnezzar (605-562 BC) Hanging Gardens of Babylon Wall of Babylon Persians Persians–Iran Darius I (521 BC) Largest empire Imperial Bureaucracy 23 governors Imperial spies Royal rds. Tolerant Persians Persian Religion Zoroastrianism Ahura Mazda (good) Ahriman (evil) Heaven & hell