Download Sun-Earth System - Solar Physics and Space Weather

Living With A Star
Space Weather
Dr. Art Poland/NASA GSFC
8/18/02
Why Study the Sun/Earth System
• The sphere of the human
environment continues to expand
beyond our planet
– Dependence on space-based
systems
– Permanent presence of humans
in Earth orbit and beyond
– Exploring the galaxy for life and
habitability of planets
• Current technology limitations
impede our progress in achieving
affordable advances. There is a lot
to be done in the future
The Visible Sun
Structure of Sun
Core
Where the energy is created.
Nuclear reactions burn every
second about 700 million
tons of hydrogen into
helium. 158gm/cm3
Radiation Zone
Where energy is transported
by radiation.
Although the photons travel
at the speed of light, they
bounce so many times
through the dense material
that they use about a million
years to escape the Sun.
Convection Zone
Energy transported by
convection (just like boiling
soup) where heat is
transported to the
photosphere.
SOHO
Helioseismology
Helioseismology
EIT HeII CME
EIT Corona Movie
QuickTime™ and a
Cinepak decompressor
are needed to se this picture.
CDS Multi Spectral
CDS Multi-temperature Images
CDS Intensity/Velocity Images
Flux Tubes Conceptual
Open flux tube, variable area
Sun
Closed flux tube, variable area
Flow
Conceptual Drawing of Open and
Closed Flux Tubes
Conservation Equations
Conservation of Mass
Force Balance
 A v
0
x
 A v 2
P
  A g  A
x
x

T
Conservation of  x [ A( E  P)v  A  x ]   A vg  AL  AS
Energy
v2
P
E

 I I is Ionization Energy
2
 1
Magnetogram
Comet
LASCO CME
LASCO CME Movie
QuickTime™ and a
Cinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Aurora
Solar Wind Animation
Geospace Model
QuickTime™ and a
Cinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Sun-Earth System -- Driven by 11 Year Solar Cycle
Sun-Earth System -- Driven by 11 Year Solar Cycle
Solar Maximum:
• Increased flares, solar mass ejections,
radiation belt enhancements.
• 100 Times Brighter X-ray Emissions 0.1%
Brighter in Visible
• Increased heating of Earth’s upper
atmosphere; solar event induced
ionospheric effects.
Declining Phase, Solar Minimum:
• High speed solar wind streams, solar
mass ejections cause geomagnetic
storms.
Solar Flares
Geomagnetic
Storms
Year
98
00
02
04
06
08
10
12
14
16
18
EIT Solar Min-Max
QuickTime™ and a
Cinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Solar Variability Can Affect Terrestrial Climate
During the Little
Ice Age, London’s
Thames River
froze in winter,
something that no
longer happens.
This 19th century
engraving depicts
the annual Frost
Fair held on the
ice-bound river,
this one during the
winter of 1683-84.
Given the massive economic impact of small changes in
climate, we should fully understand both natural and
anthropogenic causes of global change.
Why do we care about the heliosphere?
Why Do Science?
For Utility
For
Understanding
No
Yes
Yes
Bohr
Pasteur
No
Dilbert
Edison
From Donald
Stokes (Woodrow
Wilson School for
Public and
International
Affairs, Princeton
University)
The Sun-Earth Connection -- Science in the Pasteur Mode
• How a star works
• How it affects humanity’s home
• How to live with a star
Man In Space
Solar Variability Can Affect Space Systems
How?
So What?
• Spacecraft charging.
• Space Industry yearly revenues will be $100B by
year 2000.
• Solar cell damage.
• SEU’s & damage to electronics.
• Atmospheric drag.
• Society’s dependence on space assets is
increasing.
• Prudence demands that we understand the space
environment affecting space systems.
Why Now? Expanding use of
space.
Proposed MEO Comsat Orbits
Space Operation Market Trend
Space Operation
Market Trend
6
Commercial
Space
Commercial Space
Operations
Operations
5
$B
3
Military and Civil Space
Operations
2
Military &
Civilian Space
Operations
1
03
04
05
06
20
06
02
20
05
Year
20
04
01
20
03
00
20
02
19
99
99
20
01
98
20
00
97
19
98
0
19
97
$B
4
time
Source: KPMG Study
GEO
Comsats
Solar Variability Can Affect Where We Live
• Electric grid disruption and
power transformer damage.
• GPS signals, high frequency
(HF and VHF) radio
communications, and long
range radar.
• Microelectronics and humans
in high altitude aircraft.
Calculated Warming/Cooling of Greenhouse Gases,
Calculated
Warming/Cooling
of
Aerosols,
and Solar Input
Greenhouse Gases, Aerosols, &
Solar Input
1.4
• Telecommunication cables.
GHG
GHG
1.2
GHG
+ Aerosols
GHG
+ Aerosols
0.6
0.4
0.2
Year
Curves based on Wigley et al. calculations (1997)
1990
1980
1970
1960
1950
1940
1930
1920
1910
1900
1890
0
1880
fingerprints are showing up all over the
climate records. The 11- and 22-year
sunspot cycles have turned up in other
analyses of ocean temperatures and in ice
cores....” Science, March 8, 1996
Observed
Observed
0.8
1870
• Terrestrial climate. “The Sun’s
GHG
+ Aerosols
+Solar
GHG
+ Aerosols
+Solar
1860
• High precision electronic chip
fabrication.
Temperature (C)
1
Living With A Star Research Network
Pole Sitter
Solar Polar Orbiter
Solar Dynamics
Observatory
L1 Solar
Sentinel
L3 Solar
Sentinel
L5 Solar
Sentinel
Ionospheric
Mappers
Radiation
Belt
Mappers
L2
Distributed network of spacecraft providing continuous observations of Sun-Earth system
•Solar Dynamics Network observing Sun & tracking disturbances from Sun to Earth.
•Geospace Dynamics Nework with constellations of smallsats in key regions of geospace.
Radiation Belt Mappers
• Understand origin and dynamics of the radiation
belts.
• Determine time & space-dependent evolution of
penetrating radiation during magnetic storms.
• First Element: multiple spacecraft in 3 petal
equatorial orbits; in-situ measurements.
• Second Element: Add higher latitude coverage.
SOHO Home Page
sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov
lws.gsfc.nasa.gov
END