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Chapter 12
Recovery and Rebirth:
The Age of the Renaissance
Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance
Renaissance = Rebirth
Jacob Burkhardt defined
Distinct break from Middle Ages into the Modern
World
Urban Movement
Small, elite group of patrons
Age of Recovery from the 14th Century
Humanism
Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture
Emphasis on individual ability
Secularized the writing of history
• Change over time via cause and effect
Christian Humanism
Erasmus
“Laid the egg that Luther hatched”
Emphasized inner piety
The Handbook of the Christian Knight
• Guiding philosophy rather than dogmatic practices
The Praise of Folly
• Folly dominates the affairs of humankind
The Making of Renaissance
Society
Economic Recovery
Trade Revival
Italian cities lose economic supremacy
Hanseatic League
Manufacturing
• Textiles, Printing, Mining and Metallurgy
Banking
• Florence and the Medici
The Polish City of Gdansk
An Important Member of the Hanseatic League
Social Changes in the
Renaissance
The Nobility
Reconstruction of the Aristocracy
Aristocracy: 2 – 3 percent of the population
• Dominate society
• Banquets to display wealth
Baldassare Castiglione
The Book of the Courtier
Service to the prince
French Renaissance Castle of Chenonceaux
Peasants and Townspeople
aka The Third Estate
Peasants
Peasants: 85 – 90 percent of population
Decline of manorial system and serfdom
Urban Society
Patricians
Petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans, guild masters,
and guildsmen
The Poor and Unemployed
Slavery
• Domestic servants
• Skilled artisans
• The Plague
Family and Marriage in
Renaissance Italy
Arranged Marriages
$$$ & alliances
Father-husband head of family
Negotiated marriages
Wife managed household
Childbirth
Sexual Norms
Italian States in the Renaissance
Five Major Powers by the late 15th century
Milan
Venice
Florence
• The Medici
The Papal States
Kingdom of Naples
The Role of Women
Isabella d’Este
France and Spain fight over the peninsula
Sforza, Duke of Milan invites France to intervene
France, Charles VIII marches through Italy and occupies Naples
• Forced the Medici into exile
Spain, Ferdinand of Aragon called in by other Italian States
Modern diplomatic system
Florence, Italy
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Renaissance Italy
Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527)
The Prince
• Modern secular concept
• Written after his expulsion from office
Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of political power
Chief advisor during the time of the Medici expulsion
• Ambassador to Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI)
Treaty of Bologna 1529
Ended the siege of Florence
• Charles VIII supported the Florentines
• Papal army supported the Medici’s

Pope Julius II aka Warrior pope
Reestablished the Medici in Florence
The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy
Italian Renaissance Humanism
Humanism based on Greco-Roman literature
Petrarch (1304 – 1374)
• Father of Italian Renaissance humanism
• Characterized the Middle Ages as “Dark”
• Philosophy is the art of virtuous living
Civic Humanism – Florence
• Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444)
 New Cicero
Humanism and Philosophy
• Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499)
 Translates Plato’s dialogues
 Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism
Renaissance Hermeticism
• Corpus Hermeticum
 Occult writings & speculations on philosophy/theology
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola
• Oration on the Dignity of Man
 Freedom to be anything you choose
Education & The Impact of Printing
Education in the Renaissance
Greek language
Latin mastery
Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence
(rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry,
mathematics, astronomy, martial arts and music
Education of Women
Vittorino da Feltre
• Liberal educator with the aim to create a complete citizen
Francesco Guicciardini
The Impact of Printing
Johannes Gutenberg
• Movable type (1445 – 1450)
• Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456)
The Spread of Printing
The Artistic Renaissance
Early Renaissance
Masaccio (1401 – 1428)
Perspective and Organization
Movement and Anatomical Structure
Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466)
David
Filippo Brunelleschi
Church of San Lorenzo & the dome of the Cathedral of Florence
The High Renaissance
Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
• Last Supper
Raphael (1483 – 1520)
• School of Athens
Michelangelo (1475 – 1564)
• The Sistine Chapel
The Northern Artistic Renaissance
Less mastery of perspective
Illuminated manuscripts
No nudes
Jan van Eyck
Most influencial
Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528)
Adoration of the Magi
Music in the Renaissance
Guillaume Dufay
The European State in the Renaissance
The Renaissance State in Western Europe
“New Monarch”
Acquisition and expansion
France
• Louis XI the Spider King (1461 – 1483)
England
• War of the Roses
• Henry VII Tudor (1485 – 1509)
Spain
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Unification of Castile Isabella and Aragón Ferdinand
Establishment of professional royal army
Religious uniformity
The Inquisition
Conquest of Granada
Expulsion of the Jews
God, Gold and Glory
Ferdinand and Isabella 1475-1526
Reconquista
New World exploration
• Spread Catholicism
Conquistadors
• Hernan Cortes
 Aztecs of Mexico
• Francisco Pizarro
 Inca of Peru
Hacienda
Land grants to the conquistadors
Self-governing
Encomienda
Regulated care of native laborers
Patron would collect tribute and in return were expected to protect natives
and supervise conversions
Hundred Years War 1337-1453
Fight for the French throne
4 phases
Valois (French Throne) v Plantagenet (French & English Throne)
Plantagenets forced to flee France
Joan of Arc 1431 execution
Economic turmoil
English looted France
War of the Roses
Aka The Cousin’s War
Ferdinand and Isabella 1475-1526
Reconquista
New World exploration
The Lion Court in the Alhambra
Granada, Spain
Europe in the Renaissance
Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires
Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire
Habsburg Dynasty
Maximilian I (1493 – 1519)
The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern
Europe
Poland
Hungary
Russia
The Ottoman Turks and the end of the Byzantine
Empire
Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory
Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453)
• Mehmet II
The Grand Bazaar in Contemporary Istanbul
The Church in the Renaissance
The Problem of Heresy and Reform
John Wyclif & the Lollards
• Bible in the vernacular
• Anti-Papal & Saints (no support in Scripture)
John Hus
• Lollardy in Bohemia
• Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the
clergy
• Burned at the stake (1415)
Church Councils
The Papacy
The Renaissance Papacy
Nepotism
Temporal authority
• Julius II aka “Warrior Pope”
Ostentatious
• Alexander VI Rodrigo Borgia (Cesare & Lucrezia’s father)
Patrons of Culture
• Leo X (1513 – 1521) Giovanni di Lorenzo de’ Medici
Discussion Questions
What social changes did the Renaissance bring about?
How did Machiavelli deal with the issue of political
power?
How did the printing press change European society?
What technical achievements did Renaissance artists
make? Why were they significant?
What was the relation between art and politics in
Renaissance Italy?
How did the popes handle the growing problems that were
emerging in the Church in the Fifteenth and early
Sixteenth Century?
Web Links
Renaissance Secrets
Explore Leonardo’s Studio
Leonardo da Vinci on the BBC
Vatican Exhibit – Rome Reborn
Renaissance – Focus on Florence
The Uffizi Gallery – Florence
Vatican Museums – The Sistine Chapel
Gutenberg.de
The War of the Roses
The Ottoman Website