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frontal muscle
M
músculo frontal
Large, unpaired muscle connecting the
upper part of the orbit and the epicranial
aponeurosis; it allows the skin of the
forehead to crease and the eyebrows to lift.
definitions
visuAl
of the
Human Body
English
S PA NISH
orbicular muscle of mouth
M
F
músculo orbicular de la boca Unpaired muscle having two bundles
connecting the corners of the lips,
allowing the mouth to open and
close especially.
greater zygomatic muscle
M
músculo cigomático mayor
Paired muscle connecting the
zygomatic bone to the angle of the
mouth; it assists in smiling.
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definitions
visuAl
Human Body
of the
English
S pa n i s h
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The Visual Dictionary of the Human Body was created and produced by
Editor
Editorial Director
Caroline Fortin
QA International
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Martine Podesto
Editor-in-Chief
Anne Rouleau
Graphic Designers
Mélanie Giguère-Gilbert
Josée Noiseux
www.qa-international.com
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© QA International, 2009. All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval sytem,
without permission in writing by QA International.
ISBN 978-2-7644-0900-8
Printed and bound in China.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
14 13 12 11 10 9
Émilie Corriveau
Pascal Goyette
Danielle Quinty
Illustrators
Art Director: Sylvain Bélanger
Danielle Bader
Manuela Bertoni
Jocelyn Gardner
Mélanie Giguère-Gilbert
Alain Lemire
Raymond Martin
Émilie McMahon
Anouk Noël
Programmer-analyst
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Project Managers
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Prepress
Julien Brisebois
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Karine Lévesque
Patrick Mercure
Proofreading
Myriam Caron Belzile
Claude Frappier
Veronica Schami
Scientific Advisor
Dr. Éric Philippe, Ph. D.
This book is part of a larger encyclopedic project on health in general. About 300 specialists from America and Europe participated in the scientific validation of texts and illustrations produced for this project:
Sylvie Louise Avon, D.M.D., M. Sc., CS (ODQ), FRCD(C), Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval; Abdel-Rahmène Azzouzi, M.D., Ph. D., Urology Service, CHU d’Angers; Stéphane Barrette, M.D., hematologist-oncologist, CHU
Sainte-Justine; Louise Beaulac-Baillargeon, B. Pharm., Ph. D., Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval; Khaled Benabed, hematologist, CHU de Caen; Mehdi Benkhadra, Department of Anesthesia, Le Bocage Hospital, Dijon;
Céline Bergeron, M.D., FRCPC, MSC, pneumologist, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Christina Blais, Dt. P., M. Sc., Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal; Pierre Blondeau, Ophtalmology Service, CHU de
Sherbrooke; Gilles Boire, M.D., M. Sc., Rhumatology Service, Université de Sherbrooke; Andrée Boucher, M.D., endocrinologist, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Mickael Bouin, M.D., Ph. D., gastroenterologist,
Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Guylain Boulay, Ph. D., Department of Pharmacology, Université de Sherbrooke; Sylvain Bourgoin, Ph. D., Department of Anatomy-Physiology, Université Laval; André Cantin, M.D.,
Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke; Michel Cayouette, Ph. D., Research Unit on Cellular Neurobiology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal; Fatiha Chandad, Ph. D., Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval;
Bernard Cortet, Department of Rhumatology, CHU de Lille; Olivier Dereure, M.D., Ph. D., Dermatology Service, Université de Montpellier I; Serge Dubé, M.D., F.R.C.S.C., general surgeon, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital,
Montréal; Jean-Jacques Dufour, M.D., Otorhinolaryngology Service, Université de Montréal Hospital Center and Jewish General Hospital; Louis-Gilles Durand, O.Q., Ph. D., Ing., Biomedical Engineering Laboratory, Institut de
recherches cliniques de Montréal; Wael El Haggan, M.D., nephrologist, CHU de Caen; Martin Fortin, Department of Family Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke; Jean-Marc Frapier, cardiovascular surgeon, CHU de Montpellier;
Catherine Fressinaud, M.D., Ph. D., neurologist, CHU d’Angers; Dominique Garrel, Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal; Serge Gauthier, M.D., FRCPC, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging; Franck Geneviève, M.D.,
Hematology Laboratory, CHU d’Angers; Jérémie Gerard, Hematology Laboratory, CHU d’Angers; Philippe Geslin, Cardiology Service, CHU d’Angers; Marc Girard, M.D., CHU Sainte-Justine; Philippe Granier, Nuclear Medicine
Service, Antoine Gayraud Hospital, Carcassonne; Daniel Grenier, Ph. D., Faculty of Dentistry, Université Laval; Pavel Hamet, M.D., Ph. D., FRCPC, FCAHS, Genic Medicine Service, Université de Montréal Hospital Center;
Luc Hittinger, Federation of Cardiology, Henri Mondor Hospital, Créteil; Thierry Jeanfaivre, M.D., Department of Pneumology, CHU d’Angers; Francine Jolicoeur, Ph. D., Centre intégré du cancer du sein, Université de Montréal
Hospital Center; Chantal Kohler, M.D., Ph. D., Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy; Stéphane Labialle, Ph. D., Obstetrics Department, McGill University; Pierre Lalonde, M.D.,
psychiatrist, Université de Montréal; Bernard Lambert, M.D., gynecologist, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Patrice Le Floch-Prigent, Laboratoire d’anatomie de l’UFR de Médecine, Paris; Tony Leroux, Ph. D.,
audiologist, Université de Montréal and Raymond-Dewar Institute; Gérard Lorette, Dermatology Service, CHU de Tours; Jean-Pierre Marie, M.D., Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Hôtel-Dieu de Paris;
René Martin, Department of Family Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke; Marie-Anne Mayoux-Benhamou, M.D, Ph. D., Service of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cochin Hospital, Paris; Hortensia Mircescu, M.D.,
Endocrinology Service, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Michel Mondain, M.D., Ph. D., Université Montpellier I; Didier Mouginot, Ph.D., Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval; Georges Mourad, M.D., Nephrology and
Graft, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier; Nicole Normandin, Ph. D., School of Orthophony and Audiology, Université de Montréal; Luc L. Oligny, M. Sc, M.D., pathologist, CHU Sainte-Justine; Philippe Orcel, Secrétaire général de
la Société française de rhumatologie; Farid Ouacel, orthopedic surgery and traumatology, CHU d’Angers; Pierre Pagé, M.D., cardiovascular surgeon, Sacré-Coeur Hospital and Montreal Heart Institute; Aleth Perdriger, M.D., Ph. D.,
Rennes Hospital; Daniel Picard, Department of Radiology, Oncology and Nuclear Medicine, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Luc Picard, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Neuroradiology Service, CHU de Nancy; Claude
Poirier, pneumologist, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Jean-Pierre Raynauld, Ph. D., Department of Physiology, Université de Montréal; Eric Renard, M.D., Ph. D., Endocrine Diseases Service, CHU de Montpellier;
Nathalie Renaud, O.D., optometrist; Jean-Paul Rocca, Ph. D., odontologist, CHU de Nice; Pierre Rochcongar, Biology and Sports Medicine Unity, CHU de Rennes; José Sahel, Hepato-Gastroenterology Service, La Conception
Hospital, Marseille; Louis-Georges Ste-Marie, M.D., Bone Diseases Laboratory, Université de Montréal Hospital Center; Laurent Salez, Ph. D., immunologist, Scienscrib, Montréal; Thierry Six, gynecologist-obstetrician, CHU de
Caen; Ann-Muriel Steff, Pharm. D., Ph. D., LAB Recherche inc.; Daniel Thomas, Heart Institute, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris; Hervé Trillaud, M.D., Ph. D., Diagnostic and Therapeutic Imagery Service, CHU de Bordeaux; Guy
Vallancien, Université Paris Descartes; Elvire Vaucher, Ph. D., School of Optometry, Université de Montréal; Monique Vincens, M.D., Ph. D., endocrinologist and pharmacologist, Université Paris VII; Catherine Vincent, M.D.,
hepatologist, Université de Montréal Hospital Center.
Extrait de la publication
Introduction
The Visual Dictionary of the Human Body is a family atlas for exploration of the major systems of the human body. This book presents a
collection of high-definition images of different parts of the body, linked to terms in several languages. Complementary texts (introductions
and sidebars) offer additional information on the characteristics and functions of all systems shown.
Structure
The book is divided into 14 major themes, each of which is preceded by a two-page spread with a short text introducing the context. Within
each theme, titles and subtitles classify the illustrations into subcategories, which makes it easier to find them in the table of contents.
The book also has a glossary of 45 common anatomical terms and an index containing all of the terms, titles, illustration titles and subtitles
used in the book.
TITLE
Titles are located at the top
of the page, with the other
languages below. If a title
continues on more than
one page it is grayed out on
subsequent pages.
human cell
célula F humana
Basic unit of the human body, whose size and shape vary depending on the functions that it performs.
structure of a cell
estructura F de la célula F
All human cells have a similar structure:
they are formed of a nucleus surrounded
by cytoplasm and encased in a
membrane.
CELL AND TISSUES
THEME
The themes correspond
to the systems and
divisions of the human
body. They are presented
on each page in the
edition’s main language.
cell nucleus
núcleo M celular
Central core of the cell containing
genetic information in the form of DNA
and guiding protein synthesis.
cytoplasm
citoplasma M
Liquid substance forming the inside of
the cell, around the nucleus, in which
cellular organelles bathe.
endoplasmic reticulum
retículo M endoplásmico
Cell structure consisting of a network of
pockets surrounding the nucleus; it is
involved in protein synthesis.
Golgi apparatus
aparato M de Golgi
Cell structure consisting of a group of
membrane sacs; it is involved in the
transport and maturation of proteins in
the cell.
microfilament
microfilamento M
Rod-shaped structure supporting the
cell and giving it its shape.
centriole
centríolo M
Cell structure playing a key role during
mitosis.
DEFINITION
It explains the inherent
qualities, function or
characteristics of the
element depicted in the
illustration.
TERM
Each term is included in the
index, with reference to the
pages on which it appears.
All the terms in the book were
carefully selected following
analysis of recent, high-quality
documentation.
vacuole
vacuola F
Spherical cavity in which water, waste
and various substances required by the
cell are stored.
mitochondrion
mitocondria F
Structure associated with cell
breathing; it produces and stores
energy in the cell.
ILLUSTRATION
The extremely realistic
illustrations contribute to the
visual definition of the terms
associated with them.
pseudopod
pseudópodo M
Extension of the cytoplasm of
certain cells, serving mainly in cell
displacement.
ribosome
ribosoma M
Organelle, floating free or bound to
the endoplasmic reticulum, producing
proteins essential to the formation and
functioning of the human body.
cell membrane
membrana F celular
microtubule
microtúbulo M
Cylindrical structure supporting the
cell and allowing organelles and
substances in the cell to move about.
Bilayer of lipid molecules forming the
outer surface of the cell.
GENDER INDICATION
F: feminine
M: masculine
N: neutral
The gender of each common
noun is indicated for the
languages in which such
categories exist.
lipids
lípidos M
Molecules containing fatty acids,
making up the cell membrane.
The Life of Cells
Each human being is composed of more than
50 trillion cells. Hundreds of millions of them die
every minute, and just as many are born through
cellular division. Some, such as certain white
blood cells, die after only a few hours, while
others, such as neurons, may survive throughout
a human being's life.
protein
proteína F
Organic compound formed of amino
acids; in the cell membrane, proteins
form channels allowing the exchange
of substances with the outside
environment.
L
Extrait de la publication
SIDEBAR
Sidebars present unusual
or surprising facts that
complement the information in
each section.
Contents
Cell and tissues
6
human cell
tissue
mitosis
DNA
8
10
12
13
Morphology
14
man
woman
16
18
Skeleton
20
bones
main bones
skull
vertebral column
thoracic cage
pelvis
hand
foot
Muscles
muscle
main muscles
head and neck
thorax and abdomen
upper limb
lower limb
Joints
main joints
cartilaginous joints
synovial joints
Nervous system
structure of nervous system
neuron
nerve impulse
nervous tissue
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system
Cardiovascular system
blood
blood circulation
blood vessels
heart
Lymphatic system
organs of the lymphatic system
Digestive system
organs of the digestive system
mouth
teeth
digestive tract
pancreas
liver
22
24
26
28
30
31
32
33
Respiratory system
34
Reproductive system
36
38
40
41
42
44
46
48
49
50
56
58
59
60
60
61
67
72
74
76
77
82
organs of the respiratory system
upper respiratory tract
lungs
Urinary system
organs of the urinary system
urinary bladder
kidney
male genital organs
female genital organs
Sense organs
sight
hearing
smell
taste
touch
84
86
88
90
91
92
94
97
98
100
102
103
105
108
110
111
112
114
116
118
122
124
128
130
132
134
Endocrine system
138
endocrine glands
thyroid gland
hypophysis
suprarenal gland
140
141
142
143
Glossary
Index
144
145
8
10
12
13
human cell
tissue
mitosis
DNA
Extrait de la publication
Cell and tissues
The human body is formed of hierarchically organized components (tissues, organs,
and systems), of which the basic unit is the cell. Cells are the site of intense activity:
they accumulate and transmit energy, make proteins that are essential to the body’s
functioning, and constantly reproduce by cellular division. They also contain all of the
genes belonging to each individual.
Extrait de la publication
human cell
célula F humana
Basic unit of the human body, whose size and shape vary depending on the functions that it performs.
structure of a cell
estructura F de la célula F
CELL AND TISSUES
All human cells have a similar structure:
they are formed of a nucleus surrounded
by cytoplasm and encased in a
membrane.
cell nucleus
núcleo M celular
Central core of the cell containing
genetic information in the form of DNA
and guiding protein synthesis.
cytoplasm
citoplasma M
Liquid substance forming the inside of
the cell, around the nucleus, in which
cellular organelles bathe.
endoplasmic reticulum
retículo M endoplásmico
Cell structure consisting of a network of
pockets surrounding the nucleus; it is
involved in protein synthesis.
Golgi apparatus
aparato M de Golgi
Cell structure consisting of a group of
membrane sacs; it is involved in the
transport and maturation of proteins in
the cell.
microfilament
microfilamento M
Rod-shaped structure supporting the
cell and giving it its shape.
centriole
centríolo M
Cell structure playing a key role during
mitosis.
vacuole
vacuola F
Spherical cavity in which water, waste
and various substances required by the
cell are stored.
mitochondrion
mitocondria F
Structure associated with cell
breathing; it produces and stores
energy in the cell.
pseudopod
pseudópodo M
Extension of the cytoplasm of
certain cells, serving mainly in cell
displacement.
ribosome
ribosoma M
Organelle, floating free or bound to
the endoplasmic reticulum, producing
proteins essential to the formation and
functioning of the human body.
cell membrane
membrana F celular
microtubule
microtúbulo M
Cylindrical structure supporting the
cell and allowing organelles and
substances in the cell to move about.
Bilayer of lipid molecules forming the
outer surface of the cell.
lipids
lípidos M
Molecules containing fatty acids,
making up the cell membrane.
The Life of Cells
Each human being is composed of more than
50 trillion cells. Hundreds of millions of them die
every minute, and just as many are born through
cellular division. Some, such as certain white
blood cells, die after only a few hours, while
others, such as neurons, may survive throughout
a human being's life.
protein
proteína F
Organic compound formed of amino
acids; in the cell membrane, proteins
form channels allowing the exchange
of substances with the outside
environment.
8
human cell
cell nucleus
núcleo M celular
Central core of the cell containing genetic
information in the form of DNA and
guiding protein synthesis.
chromatin
cromatina F
Substance consisting of proteins and
DNA contained in the nucleus; it is
compressed into chromosomes during
mitosis.
nucleoplasm
nucleoplasma M
Liquid substance forming the inside
of the nucleus of a cell and in which
especially chromatin and nucleoli
bathe.
CELL AND TISSUES
nuclear envelope
envoltura F nuclear
Membrane surrounding the nucleus.
nucleolus
nucléolo M
Spherical body located inside the
nucleus and playing a role in the
synthesis of ribosomes.
examples of cells
ejemplos M de células F
The human body has about 200 types of cells, having very different characteristics and
appearance depending on the functions that they perform in the organism.
ovum
óvulo M
spermatozoon
espermatozoide M
muscle fiber
fibra F muscular
Mature female reproductive cell
produced by the ovary; after fertilization
by a spermatozoon, it enables an embryo
to develop.
Mature and mobile male reproductive
cell produced by the testis; the main
constituent of sperm, its purpose is to
fertilize the ovum.
Contractile cell, constituent element of
muscles.
osteocyte
osteocito M
chondrocyte
condrocito M
fat cell
adipocito M
Mature cell, constituent element of bone
tissue.
Cell, constituent element of cartilage.
Cell forming the essential component
of adipose tissue and ensuring the
synthesis, storage and release of lipids.
photoreceptor
fotorreceptor M
neuron
neurona F
white blood cell
glóbulo M blanco
red blood cell
glóbulo M rojo
Cell found in the retina capable of
capturing light rays and translating them
into nerve signals.
Cell of the nervous system allowing
information to be carried in the form of
electrical and chemical signals.
Blood cell belonging to the immune
system, thus playing an essential role in
the body’s defenses.
Blood cell that carries oxygen from the
lungs to the tissues and carbon dioxide
from the tissues to the lungs.
9
tissue
tejido M
All the cells that have a similar structure and perform similar or complementary functions. Four main cell types make up the frame of the
organism: epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous.
CELL AND TISSUES
epithelium
tejido M epitelial
microvillus
microvellosidad F
Protrusion of the cell membrane that
increases its surface.
Tissue formed of cells organized in
layers; it serves covering, secretory and
protective functions.
basal lamina
lámina F basal
Extracellular matrix anchoring epithelial
cells to adjacent tissue.
epithelial cell
célula F epitelial
Cell component of epithelial tissue.
examples of epithelia
ejemplos M de tejidos M epiteliales
They include tissues that form the covering of all body
surfaces and line inner cavities (mucous membranes,
endothelia, epidermis), and glandular tissues that have
secretory functions.
exocrine gland
glándula F exocrina
All secretory cells producing secretions
released outside the body; they consist
especially of salivary and sweat glands.
excretory duct
canal M excretor
Duct carrying secretions from the
exocrine gland.
secretory cell
célula F secretora
Epithelial cell specialized in the
secretion of various substances useful
to the body.
mucous membrane
mucosa F
Damp epithelial tissue lining an
open cavity of the body; the mucous
membrane plays a role in absorption and
secretion (mucus).
epithelium
tejido M epitelial
Tissue formed of cells organized in
layers; it serves covering, secretory and
protective functions.
mucous gland
glándula F mucosa
Exocrine gland that secretes mainly
mucus.
mucus
mucosidad F
Translucent viscous substance secreted
by the mucous membrane and that
plays a protective role.
mucous cell
célula F calciforme
Epithelial cell that secretes mucus.
chorion
corion M
Loose connective tissue beneath
the epithelial tissue of the mucous
membrane.
muscularis mucosae
mucosa F muscular
Fine layer of smooth tissue beneath the
chorion.
submucosa
submucosa F
Connective tissue beneath the mucous
membrane.
10
tissue
fibrous tissue
tejido M fibroso
Connective tissue characterized by an
abundance of collagen fibers; it forms
especially the tendons and ligaments.
examples of connective tissues
ejemplos M de tejidos M conjuntivos
Connective tissue: tissue made up of relatively few cells and fibers bathed
in a more or less abundant fluid; its functions are to support, protect and
fill in spaces.
CELL AND TISSUES
adipose tissue
tejido M adiposo
Connective tissue made up essentially of
adipocytes; it is the body’s energy reserve.
cartilage
tejido M cartilaginoso
Connective tissue consisting of cells encased
in a rigid substance; it covers the articular
surfaces of bones and forms certain soft parts
of the body.
The Most Abundant
elastic tissue
tejido M elástico
Connective tissue made up predominantly of
elastic fibers; it is found especially in certain
ligaments and in the walls of the arteries,
trachea and vocal chords.
Connective tissue, present in all organs,
is the most abundant tissue in the human
body: it accounts for two thirds of the total
volume of tissue.
11
Extrait de la publication
mitosis
mitosis F
All the mechanisms of cell division that allow the formation of two identical daughter cells from a mother cell.
CELL AND TISSUES
prophase
profase F
First stage of mitosis, during which the
chromatin condenses into chromosomes;
the two pairs of centrioles move toward
opposite poles.
interphase
interfase F
metaphase
metafase F
Period between two successive cell
divisions, during which the cell grows.
Second stage of mitosis, during which the
chromosomes align in the middle of the
cell, guided by the mitotic spindle; the
nuclear membrane disaggregates.
chromosomes
cromosomas M
Elements of the nucleus of a cell, made up
of DNA and proteins and carrying genetic
information; they are observed only during
cell division.
centrioles
centriolos M
Double cellular structures that
duplicate during interphase.
mitotic spindle
huso M mitótico
Ephemeral cellular structure joining the
two pairs of centrioles during mitosis.
cytokinesis
citocinesis F
anaphase
anafase F
Stage of mitosis during which the
cytoplasm separates in two; the original
cell (or mother cell) is replaced by two
identical daughter cells.
Third stage of mitosis, during which the
chromosomes separate into chromatids
and move to either of the cell’s poles.
telophase
telofase F
Fourth stage of mitosis, during which the
chromosomes reassume the appearance
of the chromatin; a new nuclear envelope
appears to cordon off the two nuclei.
chromatid
cromátida F
One of the two strands of a chromosome.
cytoplasm
citoplasma M
Gel-like substance forming the inside of
the cell, around the cell nucleus.
12
Extrait de la publication
DNA
ADN M
Complex molecule containing the genetic characteristics (genes) of every person.
DNA molecule
molécula F de ADN M
Billions of Copies
adenine
adenina F
Complementary nitrogenous base of
thymine.
thymine
timina F
Complementary nitrogenous base of
adenine.
nucleotide
nucleótido M
cytosine
citosina F
Complementary nitrogenous base of
guanine.
Basic unit of DNA molecules, consisting
of a nitrogenous base.
guanine
guanina F
Complementary nitrogenous base of
cytosine.
nitrogenous base
base F nitrogenada
Small constituent molecule of a nucleotide;
there are four types that assemble in the DNA
molecule to form a sequence specific to each
individual.
chromosomes
cromosomas M
Elements of the nucleus of a cell, made up
of DNA and proteins and carrying genetic
information; they are observed only during
cell division.
autosome
autosoma M
Chromosome that carries hereditary
characteristics unrelated to sex.
sex chromosomes
cromosomas M sexuales
Chromosomes responsible for
determining sex.
centromere
centrómero M
Short section of a chromosome that
holds the two chromatids together.
X chromosome
cromosoma M X
Sex chromosome present in both men
and women.
Y chromosome
cromosoma M Y
Sex chromosome present only in men.
chromatid
cromátida F
One of two strands of a chromosome, consisting of
a short arm and a long arm; during cell division, the
two chromatids separate at the centromere.
13
Extrait de la publication
CELL AND TISSUES
The DNA molecule appears in the shape
of a double helix made up of billions of
nucleotides; it is the largest molecule in
the human body.
The human genetic heritage is included in
46 chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomes and
1 pair of sex chromosomes). Each cell in the body
has its own copy: for example, a skin cell contains
the instruction for eye color.
16
18
man
woman
Morphology
The human body is divided into four main anatomical regions: the head, which
contains the main sensory organs; the trunk, which contains most of the internal
organs; the upper limbs, which provide gripping ability; and the lower limbs, which
allow for locomotion and an upright posture. These parts are linked to each other
by complex joints, which enable them to make independent and very complex
movements.
Extrait de la publication
man
hombre M
Human being of the male sex whose skeleton is generally larger and heavier than that of the female; he produces cells able to fertilize the
ovum.
MORPHOLOGY
man: anterior view
hombre M: vista F anterior
face
rostro M
Front part of the head.
forehead
frente F
Upper part of the face between the
eyebrows, hairline and temples.
temple
sien F
Side of the head between the forehead,
eye, cheek and ear.
chin
barbilla F
Protruding part of the lower face,
corresponding to the mandible.
cheek
mejilla F
Side of the face containing muscles
capable of giving it many different
expressions.
shoulder
hombro M
Joint connecting the arm with the
thorax.
mouth
boca F
Initial part of the digestive tube made up of a
cavity (oral cavity) surrounded by lips; it allows
the ingestion of food and plays a role in tasting,
speaking and breathing.
armpit
axila F
Hollow located beneath the shoulder
between the arm and thorax and
covered with hair at puberty.
Adam's apple
nuez F
Protrusion of men’s necks, formed by
the joining of two strips of cartilage from
the larynx.
breast
seno M
Front part of the thorax containing the
nipple; in men, the breast is barely
developed and plays no particular role.
thorax
tórax M
Upper part of the trunk, above the
diaphragm, containing especially the
heart and lungs.
navel
ombligo M
Scar in the form of a rounded
depression resulting from the cutting of
the umbilical cord.
abdomen
abdomen M
Lower part of the trunk, beneath the
diaphragm, containing the main
organs of the digestive, urinary and
reproductive systems.
hand
mano F
Terminal part of the upper limb having a
tactile and prehensile function.
penis
pene M
Erectile organ of men allowing
copulation and voiding of urine.
groin
ingle F
Depression located at the junction of
the abdomen and thigh.
knee
rodilla F
Joint connecting the thigh with the leg.
ankle
tobillo M
Joint connecting the foot with the leg.
Average Size
foot
pie M
Terminal part of the lower limb, resting
on the ground during upright stance.
The height of adult men varies enormously from one
individual to another (between 1.40 m and 2 m on
average). Aside from genetics, a number of factors
influence growth, including environment, behavior,
and diet.
toe
dedo M del pie M
Extension of the foot, made up of
several articulated bones (phalanges)
and whose terminal end is covered with
a nail.
16
Extrait de la publication
man
man: posterior view
hombre M: vista F posterior
neck
cuello M
Part of the body joining the head to
the trunk and containing especially the
cervical vertebrae and larynx.
ear
oreja F
Organ of hearing and balance made up
of three parts: the outer ear, the middle
ear and the inner ear.
MORPHOLOGY
head
cabeza F
Upper part of the body, supported
by the neck and containing the main
sensory organs and brain.
nape
nuca F
Hind part of the neck made up mainly
of muscles.
back
espalda F
Hind part of the thorax.
trunk
tronco M
Part of the body formed by the thorax
and abdomen, to which the head and
limbs are attached.
arm
brazo M
Part of the upper limb between the
shoulder and elbow, corresponding to
the humerus.
elbow
codo M
Joint between the arm and forearm,
formed by the lower extremity of the
humerus and the upper extremities of
the radius and ulna.
forearm
antebrazo M
Part of the upper limb between the
elbow and wrist.
wrist
puño M
Joint connecting the hand with the
forearm.
thigh
muslo M
Part of the lower limb between the hip
and knee, corresponding to the femur.
hip
cadera F
Joint connecting the leg with the pelvis.
buttocks
nalgas F
Fleshy parts located beneath the
lumbar region, made up mainly of
muscles.
leg
pierna F
Part of the lower limb between the leg
and ankle.
little finger
meñique M
Fifth and smallest digit of the hand.
calf
pantorrilla F
Hind part of the leg, made up of triceps
surae.
ring finger
anular M
Fourth digit of the hand; rings are
traditionally worn on this finger, hence
its name.
middle finger
corazón M
Third and longest digit of the hand.
heel
talón M
Hind part of the foot, corresponding to
the calcaneus.
thumb
pulgar M
First digit of the hand, short and strong,
opposable to the other digits to enable
grasping.
index finger
índice M
Second digit of the hand, often used to
point, hence its name.
17
Extrait de la publication
woman
mujer F
Human being of the female sex capable of conceiving children from an ovum fertilized by a spermatozoon.
woman: anterior view
mujer F: vista F anterior
MORPHOLOGY
forehead
frente F
Upper part of the face between the
eyebrows, hairline and temples.
face
rostro M
Front part of the head.
mouth
boca F
Initial part of the digestive tube made up of a
cavity (oral cavity) surrounded by lips; it allows
the ingestion of food and plays a role in tasting,
speaking and breathing.
temple
sien F
Side of the head between the forehead,
eye, cheek and ear.
nose
nariz F
Protrusion in midsection of the face,
with two orifices (nostrils), having an
olfactory and respiratory function.
cheek
mejilla F
Side of the face containing muscles
capable of giving it many different
expressions.
chin
barbilla F
Protruding part of the lower face,
corresponding to the mandible.
armpit
axila F
Hollow located beneath the shoulder
between the arm and thorax and
covered with hair at puberty.
thorax
tórax M
Upper part of the trunk, above the
diaphragm, containing especially the
heart and lungs.
breast
seno M
Glandular organ rich in adipose tissue,
enclosing the pectoral muscles and
secreting milk to feed the newborn after
birth.
navel
ombligo M
Scar in the form of a rounded
depression resulting from the cutting of
the umbilical cord.
abdomen
abdomen M
Lower part of the trunk, beneath the
diaphragm, containing the main
organs of the digestive, urinary and
reproductive systems.
vulva
vulva F
All the external female genital organs protecting the clitoris
and vaginal opening.
groin
ingle F
Depression located at the junction of
the abdomen and thigh.
knee
rodilla F
Joint connecting the thigh with the leg.
little toe
dedo M pequeño del pie M
Last and smallest toe of the foot.
fourth toe
cuarto dedo M del pie M
Toe located between the third toe and
little toe.
third toe
tercer dedo M del pie M
Toe located between the second toe
and fourth toe.
second toe
segundo dedo M del pie M
Toe located between the big toe and
third toe.
ankle
tobillo M
Joint connecting the foot with the leg.
big toe
dedo M gordo del pie M
First and largest toe of the foot.
18
Extrait de la publication
foot
pie M
Terminal part of the lower limb, resting
on the ground during upright stance.
Índice español
vesícula sináptica 60
vestíbulo 129
vías respiratorias superiores 103
vías respiratorias superiores, sección 104
vibraciones sonoras 129
visión, mecanismo 126
vista 124
vista, defectos 127
vómer 27
vulva 18
Y
yema gustativa 133
yeyuno 95
yunque 129
Z
zona fasciculada 143
zona glomerulada 143
zona reticulada 143
160
Extrait de la publication
Human Bod
of the
English
definitions
visuAly
S PA NISH
The Visual Dictionary of the Human Body offers a unique look at that wonderful
machine that is the body. From head to toe, spectacular, high-definition images
created with the most up-to-date imagery technology offer exceptional views of all
major body parts. Precise terminology in two languages, together with definitions and
complementary texts, allow readers to go beyond the images and acquire knowledge
of the special characteristics and workings of the different anatomical systems.
Attractive, entertaining, and educational: the Visual Dictionary of the Human Body is
an indispensable family reference, and a great tool to acquire vocabulary and discover
the complexity of the human body.
1,500 terms
250 highly realistic illustrations
lungs
upper respiratory tract
pulmones M
Organs of the respiratory system made of elastic tissues and responsible for the exchange of gases between the air and the blood.
frontal sinus
seno M frontal
Cavity in the frontal bone, connecting
with the nasal cavities and warming
inhaled air.
nasal cavity
fosas F nasales
Each of two cavities, separated by the
nasal septum and opening in front
through the nostrils and in back into the
nasopharynx.
Respiration
An adult at rest breathes about 15 times
a minute, or more than 21,000 times per
day. With each inhalation, a half-liter of
air loaded with oxygen passes through the
respiratory tract to the lungs.
sphenoidal sinus
seno M esfenoidal
Cavity in the sphenoid bone, connecting
with the nasal cavities and warming
inhaled air.
soft palate
paladar M blando
Muscular membranous wall separating
the nasopharynx and buccal cavity; it
assists especially in food ingestion and
vocalization.
hard palate
paladar M duro
Bony separation between the buccal
and nasal cavities, extended by the soft
palate.
mouth
boca F
Initial part of the digestive tube made up of a
cavity (oral cavity) surrounded by lips; it allows
the ingestion of food and plays a role in tasting,
speaking and breathing.
trachea
tráquea F
Muscular cartilaginous channel
allowing air to pass between the larynx
and bronchi.
pharynx
faringe F
Muscular membranous channel joining the nasal
cavities to the larynx as well as the buccal cavity to
the esophagus; it serves as a passageway for air
and food.
tongue
lengua F
Muscular organ located in the buccal
cavity and involved in tasting, chewing
and talking.
right lung
pulmón M derecho
Respiratory organ divided into three
lobes, in which blood from the right
pulmonary artery is freed of carbon
dioxide and enriched with oxygen.
vocal cords
cuerdas F vocales
Long bands of muscle tissue attached
to the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages;
their vibration allows sounds to be
produced.
epiglottis
epiglotis F
Mobile catilaginous lamina located in
the upper part of the larynx, directing
food to the esophagus at the moment
of swallowing.
larynx
laringe F
Muscular cartilaginous channel
connecting the pharynx and trachea;
it contains the vocal cords and has a
vocalizing and respiratory function.
thyroid cartilage
cartílago M tiroides
Connective tissue structure formed of two
lateral laminae whose juncture, on the front
part of the larynx, forms a highly visible
protrusion in men (Adam’s apple).
trachea
tráquea F
Muscular cartilaginous channel
allowing air to pass between the larynx
and bronchi.
pharyngeal tonsil
amígdala F faríngea
Lymphoid organ located in the
nasopharynx, filtering pathogens from
the air.
nasopharynx
rinofaringe F
Upper part of the pharynx connecting
with the nasal cavities.
oropharynx
orofaringe F
Median part of the pharynx connecting
with the buccal cavity.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
sagittal section of upper respiratory tract
sección F sagital de las vías F respiratorias superiores
right superior lobe
lóbulo M superior derecho
Upper part of the right lung, separated
from the inferior lobe and middle lobe
by a horizontal fissure.
middle lobe
lóbulo M medio
Part of the right lung, separated from
the superior lobe and inferior lobe by an
oblique fissure.
right inferior lobe
lóbulo M inferior derecho
Lower part of the right lung, separated
from the superior lobe and middle lobe
by an oblique fissure.
diaphragm
diafragma M
Muscle separating the thorax from the
abdomen; its contraction increases the
volume of the thoracic cage and lungs.
left lung
pulmón M izquierdo
Respiratory organ divided into two lobes, in
which blood from the left pulmonary artery
is freed of carbon dioxide and enriched with
oxygen.
left superior lobe
lóbulo M superior izquierdo
Upper part of the left lung, separated
from the inferior lobe by an oblique
fissure.
heart
corazón M
Muscular organ divided into four chambers
whose autonomous rhythmic contractions
cause blood to circulate throughout the
body.
oblique fissure
cisura F oblicua
Fissure separating the lobes of the lung.
left inferior lobe
lóbulo M inferior izquierdo
Lower part of the left lung, separated
from the superior lobe by an oblique
fissure.
pleura
pleura F
Elastic membrane surrounding each
lung and composed of two layers
bounding the pleural cavity.
laryngopharynx
laringofaringe F
Lower part of the pharynx connecting
with the larynx and esophagus.
hyoid bone
hueso M hioides
Bone supporting the larynx and serving
as an insertion for various muscles of
the tongue, pharynx and larynx.
10
104
Topics
Cell and Tissues
Lymphatic System
Morphology
Digestive System
Skeleton
Respiratory System
Muscles
Urinary System
Joints
Reproductive System
Nervous System
Sense Organs
Cardiovascular System
Endocrine System
Extrait de la publication
All images and texts have
been verified by a scientific
committee made up of
300 medical experts and
university professors.