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NATURALISTIC THEORY ABEJERO QUETUA QUIJANO RAFANAN RIVERA SAJOL SIMBULAN TAGAPAN TINSAY VILLALON ZACARIAS 5ChE-C Naturalism O The philosophy that everything that exists is a part of nature and that there is no reality beyond or outside of nature O Relates scientific method to philosophy by affirming all beings and events in the universe are natural O Worldview than relies upon experience, reason, and science to develop its understanding of reality and humanity’s place within reality Close relationships of Science with Philosophy: O Science occasionally is naturalistic philosophy O Naturalistic philosophy explains, justifies, and improves scientific method O Naturalistic philosophy constructs and maintains a liberal political order protecting science Basic Elements of Naturalism What there is all belongs to the natural world, the accurate, adequate conception of the world does not include reference to supernatural entities or agencies How we know methods of acquiring belief and knowledge is a causal process within the natural order, and a priori norms, principles, and methods are not essential to the acquisition or justification of beliefs and knowledge History and Origin History and Origin O Ionian Enchantment: A Brief History of Scientific Naturalism - set of advances in scientific thought, explanations on nature, and discovering the natural and rational causes behind observable phenomena O The Ancient Greeks -Thales -a philosopher who lived and worked in the Ancient Greek kingdom of Ionia in the 7th Century BCE -grandfather of naturalism -Protagoras, Socrates, Democritus, O The Middle Ages -astronomers Copernicus and Galileo, the natural philosophers Robert Boyle and Francis Bacon, thinkers like Descartes, and the early modern materialists Gassendi and Hobbes -Christian Church dominated all centers of learning in the Middle Ages O The Renaissance and Enlightenment -The achievements of the Renaissance humanists who are famous to us today through their literary, artistic, and scientific works made possible by a reinvestment in the value of two human character traits: worldly curiosity and the rational powers of the educated mind. -Leonardo Da Vinci, Erasmus, Copernicus, Michelangelo, Galileo, Montaigne, and Shakespeare—were O The Modern Era of Naturalism -gradual spread of the naturalistic worldview throughout the large sectors of the European intellectual class in the 19th Century, a series of humanitarian reform movements were inaugurated - Darwin’s scientific theories (Origin of Species in 1859) caused political and cultural turmoil, they also helped give birth to a new school of American philosophy, known as naturalism “Here, at last, naturalism took its place as an explicit worldview.” Etymology Naturalism has no precise meaning in the contemporary philosophy. The self proclaimed “naturalists” from the early period were: John Dewey, Ernest Nagel, Sidney Hook and Roy Wood Sellars. It relates scientific method to philosophy by affirming all beings and events in the universe are natural. There are two kinds of naturalism: Ontological and Methodological naturalism. Ontological - concerned with the contents of reality, asserting that reality has no place for supernatural or other unusual kinds of entity. Methological – it is more recent and it is in contrast with ontological. concerned with ways of investigating reality, and claims some kind of general authority for the scientific method. A philosopher named Paul de Vries distinguished “methological naturalism” and “metaphysical naturalism”. “Methological naturalism” says nothing about God's existence. “Metaphysical naturalism“ denies the existence of a transcendent God. Types of Naturalism: Metaphysical and Methodological Metaphysical Naturalism • Also known as Ontological naturalism, Philosophical naturalism and Scientific materialism • The idea behind this principle is that natural causes can be investigated directly through scientific method. • The belief that nature is all that exists, and that all things supernatural (including gods, spirits, souls and non-natural values) therefore do not exist. Metaphysical Naturalism: Varieties • Physicalism or Materialism The belief that everything which exists is no more extensive than its physical properties, and that the only existing substance is physical. • Pluralism The belief that reality consists of many different substances (including abstract objects and universals) in addition to those fundamentally mindless arrangements or interactions of matter-energy in space-time. Methodological Naturalism Prepared by: Gemarie Hazel F. Quetua 5CheC What is Methodological Naturalism? It is a strategy of studying the world. Scientists choose not to consider the supernatural causes. What is Methodological Naturalism? It says nothing about God’s existence. In 1983 Paul de Vries distinguished between "methodological naturalism," a disciplinary method that says nothing about God's existence, and "metaphysical naturalism," which "denies the existence of a transcendent God. What is Methodological Naturalism? It is a way of acquiring knowledge. According to Sociologist Elaine Ecklund, Methodological Naturalism is what religious scientists apply in practice. What is Methodological Naturalism? It is an essential aspect on the methodology of science. It is a pre-requisite to doing science. Conclusion Methodological Naturalism is not concerned on what does exist and what does not but with the methods of what is nature. Views on Naturalistic Theory Alvin Carl Plantinga O Evolutionary argument against naturalism O God and Other Minds (1967), The Nature of Necessity (1974), and Warranted Christian Belief (2000) EAAN O Evolutionary argument against naturalism O The problem: theism and the reliability of cognitive faculties O Darwin’s doubt O Beliefs affect behaviour Plantinga’s Argument O Evolution and naturalism – 4 F’s (feeding, fleeing, fighting, and reproducing) - survival vs O Man created in the image of God – our faculties are reliable EAAN O EAAN argues that the combination of evolutionary theory and naturalism is self-defeating on the basis of the claim that if both evolution and naturalism are true, then the probability of having reliable cognitive faculties is low. Robert T. Pennock Perspective on Naturalism Robert T. Pennock Philosopher Professor at Michigan State University Pennock received his Ph.D. in the history and philosophy of science from the University of Pittsburgh, where he graduated summa cum laude. Pennock was a witness in the Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District trial, testifying on behalf of the plaintiffs, and described how intelligent design is an updated form of creationism and not science, Books published: Tower of Babel: The Evidence Against the New Creationism Intelligent Design Creationism and Its Critics: Philosophical, Theological, and Scientific Perspectives Pennock’s Perspective on Naturalism O He has written and edited books and articles critical of intelligent design, using the term methodological naturalism to emphasize that the scientific method inherently explains observable events in nature only by natural causes, without assuming the existence or nonexistence of the supernatural, and is not based on dogmatic metaphysical naturalism as claimed by creationists. O “Methodological naturalism is a “ground rule” of science today which requires scientists to seek explanations in the world around us based upon what we can observe, test, replicate, and verify” O “Intelligent design theorists have learned a few lessons from the failures of their predecessors and have devised a more sophisticated strategy to compete head on with evolution. One of the main things they [intelligent design creationists] have learned is what not to say. A major element of their strategy is to advance a form of creation that not only omits any explicit mention of Genesis but is also usually vague, if not mute, about any of the specific claims about the nature of Creation, the separate ancestry of humans and apes, the explanation of the earth's geology by catastrophic global flood, or the age of the earth - items that readily identified young-earth creationism as a thinly disguised biblical literalism.” Willard Van Orman Quine Who is W. V. Quine O Philosophy is concerned with out knowledge of the world, and the nature of the world and it is the attempt to round out the systems of the world. O Naturalism is described as the position that there is no higher tribunal truth than natural science itself. Quine’s view on Naturalism O “the recognition that it is within science itself, and not in some prior philosophy, that reality is to be identified and described” O Two points about the ideas of “science”: O It is less restrictive than it may seem. O Scientific Knowledge is a result of attempts to improve ordinary knowledge of the world “Science is not a substitute for common sense but an extension of it” “The Scientist is indistinguishable from the common man in his sense of evidence, except that the scientist is more careful” O There is no distinctively philosophical standpoint. O Philosophers justify events based on the available knowledge. O We adopt what he calls “the fundamental conceptual scheme of science and common sense” Philosophers constrained by scientific standards. “In our account of how science might be acquired we do not try to justify science by some prior and firmer philosophy, but neither are we to maintain less than scientific standards. Evidence must regularly be sought in external objects, out where observers can jointly observe it…” Positive Aspects Negative Aspects Karl Popper The Logic of Scientific Discovery Theories are the nets cast to catch what we call the world: to rationalize, to explain and to master it. We endeavor to make the mesh ever finer and finer. -Karl Popper Key Contributions •Critical Rationalism •Falsification •Open Society •Paradox of Tolerance •Popper’s Three Worlds Key Beliefs The Growth of Knowledge can be studied best by the growth of scientific Knowledge There is no method peculiar to Philosophy Falsification Falsification: Trying to prove that your hypothesis is WRONG not RIGHT Paradox of Tolerance Popper’s Three Worlds 1 The WORLD of PHYSICAL OBJECTS And EVENTS Popper’s Three Worlds 2 State of CONSCIOUSNES S Popper’s Three Worlds 3 World of OBJECTIVE SENSE Tom Clark’s View on Worldwide Naturalism Tom Clark Tom Clark is director of the non-profit Center for Naturalism and author of Encountering Naturalism: A Worldview and Its Uses. He writes on science, free will, consciousness, addiction and other topics, and maintains Naturalism.org, an extensive resource on worldview naturalism. Stoic Philosophy O The ultimate concern of the Stoics was the question of how life ought to be lived O Their theory is naturalistic, in the sense that every evaluative claim they make is based entirely on their conception of the natural constitution of the human being O Stoicism laid great emphasis on goodness and peace of mind gained from living a life of virtue in accordance with nature The Psycho-Physical Foundations of Ethics O The Stoics claimed that the human being is a rational animal that O O O O O has a body and a soul The leading part of the soul is found in the heart It is the seat of presentations and impulses, and from it rational discourse is emitted Stoic ethics concerns the right use of reason. The ultimate rational agent is fully rational in everything he does, assenting only to those presentations that are true and acting only in ways that reasonable. Nature makes an animal congenial to itself The Goal O Our constitution as human beings is to be rational, what is natural to us is the life according to reason O Stoics believed that the use of reason itself, rather than the outcome of its use, which determines the worth of human action. Virtue O To live according to virtue just to live in agreement with nature O The Stoics believed that virtue can be taught because people do become more virtuous. The key connection is that living according to nature requires a knowledge of nature, which can only come through education. O Four primary virtues: O Prudence O Temperance O Justice O Courage Happiness O The virtuous person is happy just by being virtuous O Happiness is a kind of optimal or flourishing state of the human being O As virtue is living a perfectly rational life, the virtuous person achieves the best condition possible for a rational animal. O Chrysippus is said to have held that living consistently with nature "is the virtue of the happy man and a smooth flow of life“ The Good O The good is identified with the virtuous O The Stoics understood goodness to be that which confers benefit O What is beneficial to man is that he live in accordance with nature, to be virtuous The Passions O One the most famous aspects of the Stoic ethical theory is its advocacy of rational control over the passions O The Stoic theory describes the passions (pain, pleasure, fear, desire) as judgments Civic Life O The Stoics promoted participation in the life of society as a whole O The wise man is well-suited for civic life, due to his overall excellence O His rationality makes him lawful and suitable as a ruler O Among the virtues are public-spiritedness which is knowledge of fairness in a community, and fair-dealing, a knowledge of how to deal with one's neighbors blamelessly Overview of Worldwide Naturalism O “Understanding our full causal connection to the world engenders compassion and gives us greater practical control.” O “If you don’t believe in anything supernatural, then you subscribe to naturalism, the idea that nature is all there is.” O “Wanting to be deceived, you put in empirical, evidencebased ways of justifying beliefs about what’s real, as for instance exemplified by science.” Overview of Worldwide Naturalism O “Naturalism as a metaphysical thesis is driven by a desire for a clear, reliable account of reality and how it works, a desire that generates an unflinching commitment to objectivity and explanatory transparency. O “Naturalism involves a good deal more than atheism or skepticism – it’s the recognition that we are full-fledged participants in the natural order and as such we play by nature’s rules.” References: O http://www.naturalism.org/ O http://www.iep.utm.edu/naturali/ O http://www.naturalism.org/worldview-naturalism/history-of- O O O O O naturalism http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/naturalism/ http://naturalisms.org/science.htm http://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_naturalism.html http://hackthesystem.com/blog/stoicism-101-a-quick-guide-tothe-philosophy/ http://hume.ucdavis.edu/mattey/phi143/stoaeth.htm