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COORDINATION WITHOUT A COORDINATOR AND SUBORDINATION WITHOUT A
SUBORDINATOR IN ENGLISH AND INDONESIAN COMPLEX SENTENCES: A
COMPARATIVE LINGUISTIC STUDY
Yuristia Wira Cholifah
English Linguistics Department, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Padjadjaran
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
This paper reports on the coordination without a coordinator and subordination without
a subordinator in two languages: English and Bahasa. This paper highlights the way in
which the author analyzed articles from three different language sources: C’nS
magazine, Indonesian Newspapers by using analysis descriptive method. In detail, this
study demonstrates what clauses there are in the complex sentences in English and
Bahasa, what relationships are drawn by the clauses of the complex sentences in English
and Bahasa, and what similarities and differences are shown by the clauses of the
complex sentences in English and Bahasa in the issue of coordination without a
coordinator and subordination without a subordinator as mainly outlined by Hodges and
Whitten (1984), Sneddon (1996), and Halliday (1994, 2004). Some of the research results
are most coordinator omitted in English is and, but in Indonesian are dan, and or, the
omission of the coordinator and subordinator in English and Indonesia is replaced by the
use of punctuation comma (,) to show the relationship between clauses.
Keywords: complex sentences, coordination without a coordinator, subordination
without a subordinator, comparative linguistics, English, Indonesian language
I.
subordination without a subordinator taken as
the data in this paper. The data are taken from
the articles in C’nS magazine vol. OctoberDecember 2013, and Indonesian GoGirl!
magazine edition March, 2011. Thus, the
research questions of this article are what kind
of clauses are there in the complex sentences in
English and Indonesian? What are the
similarities and differences between the
coordination without a coordinator and
subordination without a subordinator in English
and Indonesian?
Introduction
One of human interactions is writing. Through
writing, humans can express their ideas in
various styles. One of the marks of writing style
is the use of complex sentences by using the
coordination without a coordinator and
subordination without a subordinator. Both are
used to give and relate the ideas effectively in a
text (Hodges and Whitten, 1984). However, this
is sometimes confusing when there is no
coordinator or subordinator in a complex
sentences to find the correlation between the
clauses, whether they coordinate or subordinate
to each other. This paper examines one of the
writing styles related to the writing style of
complex sentences in English and Indonesian
articles as the data sources. However, there are
only complex sentences that show the
coordination without a coordinator and the
II.
Theoretical Background
Sentences are either simple or complex. A
simple sentence consists of a single independent
clause, accompanied by an intonation contour.
A complex sentence is one which consists of
more than a single clause. And this second type
of sentences is the focus of this study.
67
When two clauses occur in the one sentence
they are sometimes linked by conjunctions.
Conjunctions both link the clauses and specify
the relationship between them. There are two
types of conjunction. They are coordinating
conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.
Coordinating conjunctions or coordinators link
two independent clauses (Sneddon, 1996: 337).
Another definition is given by Hodges and
Whitten (1984) stating that “Coordinate means
being of equal structural rank. Coordination
gives equal grammatical emphasis of two or
more ideas.” So, both agree that coordinating
conjunctions are conjunctions that are used to
link two or more independent clauses that gives
more than one ideas as a complex sentence.
Coordination also gives equal emphasis not only
to two or more clauses but also to two or more
words, phrases, or sentence like shown in these
examples below.
In coordination without a coordinator, two or
more clauses can be coordinated without a
coordinator being present. They are simply
placed one after the other. It is often called as
parataxis. Parataxis is the relation between two
like elements of equal status, one initiating and
the other continuing (Halliday, 1994: 218). Both
the initiating and the continuing are free, in the
sense that each could stand as a functioning
whole. Halliday (1994) also added that this
coordination without a coordinator being
present or called as parataxis can be exemplified
with the ‘and’ relation.
(iv)
(v)
(i)
tacless,
abrasive
language
(coordinate adjectives)
(ii)
on the roof or in the attic
(compound
prepositional
phrases)
(iii)
I have not gone on a diet. Nor do
I intend to. (sentences linked by
coordinating conjunction)
In other side, subordinating conjunctions which
is also called subordinators link an independent
clause, called the main clause, and a clause
which adds further information about the main
clause. This is called a subordinate clause. It is
always preceded by the conjunctions (Sneddon,
1996: 337). Hodges and Whitten (1984)
mentioned that subordinate means “being of
lower structural rank” which means that the
clauses in this kind of complex sentences cannot
be separated one another. It is because they are
grammatically dependent on the sentence base
(subject + compound predicate) as mention by
Edwin Newman in Hodges and Whitten (1984:
255) that clauses in a complex sentence are
grammatically subordinate structures that may
contain very important ideas.
‘salt and pepper’ implies ‘pepper
and salt’, so the relationship is
symmetrical or independent ;
‘salt and pepper’, ‘pepper and
mustard’ together imply ‘salt
and mustard’, so the relationship
is transitive.
In parataxis, clauses are marked by number: 1,
2, 3, and so on to refer to clauses as being
initiating or continuing (Gerot and Wignel, 1994:
92). The use of numerical notation in parataxis
is created because there is no dependence of
either element on the other; so there is no
ordering other than that which is represented
by the sequence. For example,
(vi)
1 She graduated from high
school || 2 and then (she)
undertook a trip through the
country.
In comparison, Sneddon (1996: 340) stated that
the coordination without a coordinator in
Bahasa can be done not only by omitting ‘dan’
but also ‘atau’ as the conjunctions in complex
sentences, or words, or phrases like in these
following examples:
(vii)
68
Rumahku hancur, sapiku mati,
sawahku tak bisa ditanami lagi.
‘My house was destroyed, my
(viii)
cattle were dead, my fields could
not be planted anymore.’
Tiga empat ribu orang bekerja
siang-malam di pabrik. ‘Three
or four thousand people work
day and night in the factory.’
PIANO.
I watched HIM CAUGHT BY A
SECURITY GUARD.
Table (ii): The four types of
nonfinite clause with a subject. In
each example, the nonfinite clause
is capitalized.
-ed participle
In subordination clauses without a subordinator,
this kind of complex sentences is also known as
non-finite clauses in English. The subordinate
clause has no subject, the action being
performed by the same person in both clauses.
Deterding and Poedjosoedarmo (2001: 96-98)
explained that a nonfinite clause can be shown
in four types of nonfinite verb. The four types of
nonfinite verb include to-infinitive (e.g. to eat),
bare infinitive (e.g. eat), -ing participle (e.g.
eating), and –ed participle (e.g. eaten). Each
type of nonfinite verb can occur in a nonfinite
clause. They also classified nonfinite clauses
according to the type of nonfinite verb they
contain, and also by whether or not they have a
subject. This following table (i) is examples of
the four subjectless nonfinite clauses:
From the tables above then, it can be inferred
that there are eight basic types of nonfinite
clause in English according to Deterding and
Poedjosoedarmo (2001: 98-99). They also added
that subjectless nonfinite clauses, based on their
position in a sentence, can function as direct
objects like in (v), and (vi) and as an adverbial as
in (vii) and (viii), and sometimes it can function
as a postmodifier, as in (ix) and (x).
(ix)
I love PLAYING THE PIANO.
(x)
I love TO PLAY THE PIANO.
(xi)
WHILE WATCHING TV, I fell
asleep.
(xii)
TO GIVE HER A SURPRISE, I will
call her this evening.
(xiii)
This is the bus TO TAKE FOR THE
AIRPORT.
(xiv)
He is a teacher RESPECTED BY
EVERYONE.
Clause Type
to-infinitive
bare infinitive
-ing participle
-ed participle
Example
I want TO STUDY ENGLISH.
I don’t dare GO HOME NOW.
I love PLAYING THE PIANO.
SURPRISED BY A SECURITY
GUARD, he ran quickly.
Table (i): The four types of
subjectless nonfinite clause. In
each example, the nonfinite clause
is capitalized.
Sneddon (1996) stated that in Bahasa, the
subordinate clause can occur before the main
clause or after the main clause. Here are some
examples describing the subordinate clause that
occurs before the main clause to indicate the
reason for the action of the main clause:
(xv)
In fact, each of the four types of nonfinite verb
can also occur in a nonfinite clause with a
subject. This is illustrated in this table below (ii).
Clause Type
to-infinitive
bare infinitive
-ing participle
(xvi)
Example
I want JOHN TO STUDY
ENGLISH.
I didn’t see HER GO HOME.
I love YOU PLAYING THE
Melihat aku gugup, Zainab jadi
reda. ‘Seeing me nervous,
Zainab calmed down.’
Berhasil melarikan diri, ia pun
mengembara
di
Eropa.
‘Managing to escape, he then
wandered about in Europe.’
In subordinate clause that can follow the main
clause, the events in the two clauses occur at
the same time. Here are some examples of the
69
subordinate clause after the main clause to
express the reason for the action of the main
clause.
(xvii)
(xviii)
III.
coordinate the two clauses is being
omitted.
Data 2
It slows and jeopardizes development,
threatens ethical values and justice,
and destroys the public’s trust in the
government.
Hakim
mengetukkan
palu,
menutup sidang. ‘The judge
beat his gavel, closing the
session.’
Ia duduk di kursi, mengayunayunkan kakinya. ‘He sat on the
chair, swingin his legs.’
Analysis: This data is a complex
sentence. This complex sentence
consists of three clauses that are
independent or equal structures. The
sentence consists of three subjects and
three predicates. The subjects refer to
the same thing, it pronoun. It is for
subject 1, 2, and 3, and slows and
jeopardizes, threatens and destroys are
predicate 1, 2, and 3. The first clause ‘it
slows and jeopardized development’ is
the initiating and the second clause ‘it
threatens ethical values and justice’ is
the first continuing of the first event,
and the third clause ‘and it destroys the
public’s trust in the government’ is the
second continuing of the event from
the previous clause. All clauses (1, 2,
and 3) can stand alone and can still be
understood as a whole. In this complex
sentence, the coordinating conjunction
‘and’ to coordinate between clause 1
and 2 is being omitted.
Result and Discussion
These following are data from English articles on
C’nS magazine vol. 13 No. 99 edition NovemberDecember 2013 and Indonesian articles on
majalah GoGirl! Edition March, 2011.
3.1 Coordination without a coordinator
3.1.1
Coordination without a coordinator in
English complex sentences
Data 1
These criminals have had their fun
with the money they got illegally, now
they have to suffer!
Analysis: This data is a complex
sentence. This complex sentence
consists of two clauses that are
independent or equal structures. The
sentence consists of two subjects and
two predicates. The subjects refer to
the same thing, the criminals. The
criminals and they are subject 1 and
subject 2, and have had and have to
suffer are predicate 1 and predicate 2.
The first clause ‘The criminals have had
their fun with the money they got
illegally’ is the initiating and the second
clause ‘now they have to suffer!’ is the
continuing of the first event. Either the
first or the second clause can stand
alone and can still be understood as a
whole. In this complex sentence, the
coordinating conjunction ‘and’ to
Data 3
I stepped on it, slipped and hit the
floor! BAM…!!
Analysis: This data is a complex
sentence. This complex sentence
consists of three clauses that are
independent or equal structures. The
sentence consists of three subjects and
three predicates. The subjects refer to
the same thing, I pronoun. I is for
subject 1, 2, and 3, and stepped, slipped
and hit are predicate 1, 2, and 3. The
70
first clause ‘I stepped on it’ is the
initiating and the second clause ‘I
slipped’ is the first continuing of the
first event, and the third clause ‘I hit
the floor’ is the second continuing of
the event from the previous clause. All
clauses (1, 2, and 3) can stand alone
and can still be understood as a whole.
In this complex sentence, the
coordinating conjunction ‘and’ to
coordinate between clause 1 and 2 is
being omitted.
3.1.2
Data 5
Di satu sisi kita beragama, di sisi lain
kita mencumbu kemaksiatan.
Analysis: This data is a complex
sentence. This complex sentence
consists of two clauses that are
independent or equal structures. The
sentence consists of two same subjects
and two predicates. The subjects refer
to the same thing, kita. Kita is for
subject 1 and subject 2, and beragama
and mencumbu kemaksiatan are
predicate 1 and predicate 2. The first
clause ‘di satu sisi kita beragama’ is the
initiating and the second clause ‘di sisi
lain kita mencumbu kemaksiatan’ is the
continuing of the first event. Either the
first or the second clause can stand
alone and can still be understood as a
whole. In this complex sentence, the
coordinating conjunction ‘but’ to
coordinate the two clauses is being
omitted.
Coordination without a coordinator in
Indonesian complex sentences
Data 4
Saya cuma tidur-tiduran, nyoba untuk
rileks, buka laptop dan dengerin some
soft music.
Analysis: This data is a complex
sentence. This complex sentence
consists of four clauses that are
independent or equal structures. The
sentence consists of four same subjects
and three predicates. The subjects
refer to the same thing, saya. Saya is
for subject 1, 2, 3, and 4, and tidurtiduran, nyoba untuk rileks, buka laptop
and dengerin are predicate 1, 2, 3, and
4. The first clause ‘saya cuma tidurtiduran’ is the initiating and the second
clause ‘saya nyoba untuk rileks’ is the
first continuing of the first event, the
third clause ‘saya buka laptop’ is the
second continuing of the event from
the previous clause, and the fourth
clause ‘saya dengerin some soft music’
is the third continuing of the event
from the previous clause. All clauses (1,
2, 3and 4) can stand alone and can still
be understood as a whole. In this
complex sentence, the coordinating
conjunction ‘and’ to coordinate clause
1, 2, and 3 is being omitted.
Data 6
Perasaan jadi lebih rileks, stress jadi
hilang, kitapun jadi lebih awet muda.
Analysis: This data is a complex
sentence. This complex sentence
consists of three clauses that are
independent or equal structures. The
sentence consists of three different
subjects and three same predicates.
Perasaan, stress, and kita are for
subject 1, 2, and 3, and jadi is for
predicate 1, 2, and 3. The first clause
‘perasaan jadi lebih rileks’ is the
initiating and the second clause ‘stress
jadi hilang’ is the first continuing of the
first event, and the third clause
‘kitapun jadi lebih awet muda’ is the
second continuing of the event from
the previous clause. All clauses (1, 2,
71
and 3) can stand alone and can still be
understood as a whole. In this complex
sentence, the coordinating conjunction
‘and’ to coordinate clause 1, 2, and 3 is
being omitted.
consists of one subordinate clause and
one main clause. The subordinate
clause preceded the main clause. The
sentence consists of one same subject
You for two different predicates. One
uses nonfinite –ing participle ‘arriving’
with no subject, the other one is modal
followed by bare infinitive ‘can rent’
with subject. The first clause, the
subordinate ‘arriving on the shore of
Larike’ tells the reason of the event of
the main clause ‘you can rent a
Katinting, a small, narrow boat’. Both
clauses cannot be separated because
one explains the other one. In this
complex sentence, the subordinator
‘because’ and the ‘you’ subject in the
subordinate clause are being omitted
and changed into nonfinite clause.
3.2 Subordination without a subordinator
3.2.1
Subordination without a subordinator
in English complex sentences
Data 7
Having a bad feeling, I immediately
unfastened the backpack to put it
infront.
Analysis: This data is a complex
sentence. This complex sentence
consists of one subordinate clause and
one main clause. The subordinate
clause ‘having a bad feeling’ preceded
the main clause ‘I immediately
unfastened the backpack to put it
infront’. The sentence consists of one
same subject I for two different
predicates. One uses nonfinite –ing
participle ‘having’ with no subject, the
other one is -ed participle ‘unfastened’
with subject. The first clause, the
subordinate ‘having a bad feeling’ tells
the reason of the event of the main
clause ‘I immediately unfastened the
backpack to put it infront’. Both clauses
cannot be separated because one
explains the other one. In this complex
sentence, the subordinator ‘because’
and the ‘I’ subject in the subordinate
clause are being omitted and changed
into nonfinite clause.
Data 9
I can’t lend you money, I’m totally in
the red.
Analysis: This data is a complex
sentence. This complex sentence
consists of one subordinate clause and
one main clause. The main clause
preceded the subordinate clause. The
sentence consists of one same subject I
for two different predicates. Both
clauses use no nonfinite clause, but
consist of subject and predicate. The
first clause in the beginning of the
sentence is the main clause ‘I can’t lend
you money’. It is explained by the next
clause as the subordinate clause ‘I’m
totally in the red’ to tell the reason of
the main clause. Both clauses cannot
be separated because one explains the
other one. In this complex sentence,
only the subordinator ‘because’ is
being omitted.
Data 8
Arriving on the shore of Larike, you
can rent a Katinting, a small, narrow
boat.
Analysis: This data is a complex
sentence. This complex sentence
72
Data 10
Caught red-handed doing his thing on
the carpet, Fido the dog was severely
punished.
Analysis: This data is a complex
sentence. This complex sentence
consists of one subordinate clause and
one main clause. The subordinate
clause preceded the main clause. The
sentence consists of one same subject
Fido for two different predicates. One
uses nonfinite –ed participle ‘caught’
with no subject, the other one is
passive sentence ‘was punished’ with
subject. The first clause, the
subordinate ‘Caught red-handed doing
his thing on the carpet’ tells the reason
of the event of the main clause ‘Fido
the dog was severely punished.’ Both
clauses cannot be separated because
one explains the other one. In this
complex sentence, the subordinator
‘because’ and ‘Fido’ subject in the
subordinate clause are being omitted
and changed into nonfinite clause by
using –ed participle.
3.2.2
subordinate ‘khawatir sang adik bakal
ngambek’ tells the reason of the event
of the main clause ‘Will menyanggupi
permintaan Harry.’ Both clauses cannot
be separated because one explains the
other one. In this complex sentence,
the subordinator ‘because’ and ‘Will’
subject in the subordinate clause are
being omitted.
Data 12
Nggak nunggu lama, Maudy dapetin
‘belt’ warna hijau tosca.
Analysis: This data is a complex
sentence. This complex sentence
consists of one subordinate clause and
one main clause. The subordinate
clause preceded the main clause. The
sentence consists of one same subject
Maudy for two different predicates. In
this sentence, there is subject omission
in the subordinate clause. The subject
‘Maudy’ in the main clause refers to
the same omitted subject in the
subordinate clause. The first clause, the
subordinate ‘nggak nunggu lama’ tells
the reason of the event of the main
clause ‘Maudy dapetin belt warna hijau
tosca.’ Both clauses cannot be
separated because one explains the
other one. In this complex sentence,
the subordinator ‘because’ and
‘Maudy’ subject in the subordinate
clause are being omitted.
Subordination without a subordinator
in Indonesian complex sentences
Data 11
Khawatir sang adik bakal ngambek,
Will menyanggupi permintaan Harry.
Analysis: This data is a complex
sentence. This complex sentence
consists of one subordinate clause and
one main clause. The subordinate
clause preceded the main clause. The
sentence consists of one same subject
Fido for two different predicates. In this
sentence, there is subject omission in
the subordinate clause. The subject
‘Will’ in the main clause refers to the
same omitted subject in the
subordinate clause. The first clause, the
IV.
Conclusion
In conclusion, this paper has described complex
sentences on the issue coordination without a
coordinator and subordination without a
subordinator in English and Indonesian articles,
C’nS magazine vol. October-December 2013,
and Indonesian GoGirl! magazine edition March,
2011. As a result, this research shows some
points about this coordination without a
73
coordinator and subordination without a
subordinator issue. First, both coordinator sand
subordinators of complex sentences that consist
of independent-independent clauses, and
subordinate-main clause and vice versa can be
omitted. Second, there are similarities and
differences between coordination without a
coordinator and subordination without a
subordinator in English and Indonesian complex
sentences. The similarities are that both the
omission of coordinator and subordinator can
be omitted in English and Indonesian complex
sentences, the clauses in the complex sentences
can be correlated only by adding comma to
distinguish their relationship, and not only the
subordinator and the coordinator can be
omitted but also the same subject in the clauses
can too. In the subordinate clause without a
subordinator, the markers are mostly the
subordinating conjunction because both in
English and Indonesian. The differences
between coordination without a coordinator
and subordination without a subordinator in
English and Indonesia are that some markers as
coordinator omitted in English are mostly and,
while in Indonesian are mostly dan and or. In
Indonesian
subordination
without
a
subordinator, the tenses cannot affect the use
of the type of nonfinite verbs like in English.
Since this research only focuses on the omission
of coordinator and subordinator in clauses level,
it is hoped that the future research on this issue
will cover all level of the omission of coordinator
and subordinator, not only on clauses level.
Finally, hope this research can help readers
understand the complex sentences in two
languages, English and Indonesian, especially on
the issue of the coordination without a
coordinator and subordination without a
subordinator.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
References
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