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Grammar Quiz Study Guide Commas – are used to separate words in a list, interchangeable adjectives, two independent clauses, and dates, cities, or names. Example: I need to get milk, eggs, and bread at the store. Example: Some of my family lives in Indianapolis, Indiana. Adverb – a word or phrase that modifies an adjective, noun, or verb to tell time, place, circumstance, manner, or cause. (Many adverbs end in –ly.) Examples: swiftly, quickly, shortly, later, today, almost, always, never, everywhere, somewhere, so Prepositions – words that introduce information (usually time and location) to a reader Examples: after, before, under, with, within, without, across, opposite, behind, beside, during, between, until Prepositional Phrases – shows the relationship between subjects and verbs. Begins with a preposition and includes an object. Example: Can we meet after school to do homework? Example: The cup beside the sink is really gross. Independent Clause – a complete thought. Has a subject and a verb. Example: The boy threw the ball. Dependent Clause – not a complete thought, but has a subject and a verb. Example: When it snows outside. Sentence Structure – there are four kinds of sentence structure: Simple – contains one independent clause o Example: The cat ran away. Compound – contains two independent clauses o Example: The cat ran away and it caught a rat. Complex – contains one independent clause and one dependent clause o Example: The cat ran away when it rained. Compound-Complex – contains two independent clauses (like a compound sentence) and one dependent clause o Example: The cat ran away when it rained and it caught a rat.