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International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
International Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 3(3): May-June 2014
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL
PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCES
Bio
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Research Article ……!!!
Sciences
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AND HERBAL TOOTHPASTES ON DENTAL
ISOLATES
J.Victoria* and N.Senbagam
PG and Research Department of Microbiology and a Division of Biotechnology, Sengamala
Thayaar Educational Trust Women’s College, Mannargudi – 614 001. Tamil Nadu, India.
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT
Streptococcus mutans,
Lactobacilli, Chemical
Toothpaste, Herbal
In the present study, dental caries pathogens were isolated from
infected persons.
The dental organisms were identified based on
Toothpaste.
For Correspondence:
J.Victoria*
Address: PG and
cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The
isolated colonies were confirmed as Streptococcus mutans and
Research Department of
Lactobacilli. The different herbal toothpastes viz Babool, Vicco,
Microbiology and a
Neem,Herbpo, Namboodiris, Himalaya, Dabur red and chemical
Division of
Biotechnology,
toothpastes viz Colgate, Colgate active salt, Colgate sensitive,
Sengamala Thayaar
pepsodent, Closeup, Sensodent K, Anchor were tested against the
Educational Trust
dental isolates by well diffusion method.
Women’s College,
Mannargudi – 614 001.
Tamil Nadu, India.
E- Mail:
[email protected]
om
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International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
INTRODUCTION:
Dental caries, also known as tooth decay or a cavity, is an infection usually bacterial in origin that
causes demineralization of the hard tissues (enamel, dentin and cementum) and destruction of the
organic matter of the tooth, usually by production of acid by hydrolysis of the food debris
accumulated on the tooth surface. If demineralization exceeds saliva and other remineralization
factors such as from calcium and fluoridated toothpastes, these tissues progressively break down,
producing dental caries (cavities, holes in the teeth). Two groups of bacteria are responsible for
initiating caries: Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. If left untreated, the disease can lead to
pain, tooth loss and infection. Today, caries remains one of the most common diseases throughout
the world. Cariology is the study of dental caries.
Tooth decay is caused by specific types of acid-producing bacteria that cause damage in the presence
of fermentable carbohydrates such as sucrose, fructose, and glucose (Hardie, 1982). The mineral
content of teeth is sensitive to increases in acidity from the production of lactic acid. To be specific,
a tooth (which is primarily mineral in content) is in a constant state of back-and-forth
demineralization and remineralization between the tooth and surrounding saliva. For people with
little saliva, especially due to radiation therapies that may destroy the salivary glands, there also
exists remineralization gel. These patients are particularly susceptible to dental caries. When the PH
at the surface of the tooth drops below 5.5, demineralization proceeds faster than remineralization
(Rogers, 2008).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of sample:
Dental swabs were collected from the persons infected with dental caries. The sterile cotton swab
was rubbed on the surface of the infected teeth. The collected dental swab was immediately
brought to laboratory for the isolation of bacteria.
Isolation and identification of bacterial strains and growth medium:
Blood agar medium and LB agar medium was prepared and it was poured on to the sterile
petriplates. After solidification, the dental swab was spreaded on to the plates. The uninoculated
plates were maintained as a control. The plates were incubated at 37º C for 24 hours for isolation of
bacteria.The growth obtained was identified on the basis of colonial characters morphology by gram
staining (Christain Gram 1884) and various bio chemical tests following standard procedures.
Antibacterial activity was determined by well diffusion method. Petriplates containing 50ml of
Mueller Hinton Agar medium were seeded with a 24 hrs cultures of the bacterial strains. Wells were
cut into agar and toothpaste were tested in a concentration of 1 mg/ml. The plates were than kept in
refrigerator for 15 minutes to allow diffusion and were incubated at 37°C for 24 hrs. The assessment
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International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
of antibacterial activity was based on the measurement of the diameter of inhibition zone formed
around the well.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Toothpaste play a major role in dental caries. This dental caries depends on the attachment of
organism in the tooth. The present study was designed to isolate and identify the bacterial pathogen
from infected person and to study the antibacterial activity of different chemical tooth paste viz
Colgate, Colgate active salt, Colgate sensitive, Pepsodent, Close up, Sensodent K, Anchor and
Herbal tooth pastes viz Babool, Dabur red, Himalaya, Namboodiris, Neem, Vicco, Herbpo.
Effect of chemical toothpastes on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus
On Streptococcus mutans, colgate showed the maximum activity (25±0.816) followed by sensodent
K(18.3±1.556 ),Pepsodent(16.3±1.247),colgate active salt and close up (14.6±0.476) then , anchor
(12.6 ±0.476 ) and Colgate sensitive (12 ±0.816 ).
On Lactobacillus, Colgate showed
the maximum activity(19.6±0.0476) followed
by
pepsodent(19.3±0.472), close up(18 ±0.816 ),pepsodent( 19.3 ±0.472 ), colgate active salt (15.3±1.7)
and then, anchor (17.3±0.472). No activity was observed for sensodent K.
Among the chemical toothpastes studied colgate showed maximum activity and minimum activity
was observed for colgate sensitive against both Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus(Table 1
and 2).
Effect of herbal toothpastes on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus
The
herbal
toothpastes
Neemshowed
maximum
activity
(19.6
±0.476),followed
by
Babool(19±0.816),Himalaya(17.6±0.476)Vicco(17.6±1.248),Daburred(17.3±0.943),Herbpo(16.6±0.
945 )and minimum activity by Namboodiris (15.3±0.472 ) against Streptococcus mutans.
On
Lactobacillus,
Herbpo
showed
maximum
activity
(26.3±0.94)
followed
by
Himalaya(24.3±0.472 ), Namboodiris(22.3 ±0.943),Neem (20±1.414), Vicco(19.6±0.476), Dabur
red( 18±1.632 ) and Babool( 17.6±0.476 ) (Table 1 and 2).
Among the herbal toothpastes studied Neem showed maximum activity against
Streptococcus
mutans and Herbpo showed higher efficiency on Lactobacillus. Though the chemical toothpastes
controlled the growth of the dental isolates effectively, they have side effects due to the presence of
triclosan and some other chemicals.
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International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
Table 1 Antibacterial activity of Herbal and Chemical toothpastes against streptococcus mutans
S.NO
Tooth paste
1
Herbal Toothpaste
2
Chemical Toothpaste
Brand
Diameter of the inhibition zone(mm)
Babool
Dabur Red
Himalaya
Namboodiris
Neem
Vicco
Herbpo
Colgate
Colgate active salt
Colgate sensitive
Pepsodent
Closeup
Sensodent K
Anchor
19±0.816
17.3±0.94
17.6±0.476
15.3±0.472
19.6±0.476
17.6±1.248
16.6±0.945
25±0.816
14.6±0.476
12±0.816
16.3±1.247
14.6±0.476
18.3±1.556
12.6±0.476
Values are triplicate and represented as mean ± standard deviation
Table 2 Antibacterial activity of Herbal and Chemical toothpastes against Lactobacilli
S.NO
Tooth paste
1
Herbal Toothpaste
2
Chemical Toothpaste
Brand
Diameter of the inhibition zone(mm)
Babool
Dabur Red
Himalaya
Namboodiris
Neem
Vicco
Herbpo
Colgate
Colgate active salt
Colgate sensitive
Pepsodent
Closeup
Sensodent K
Anchor
17±0.476
18±1.632
24.3±0.472
22.3±0.943
20±1.414
19.6±0.476
26.3±0.943
19.6±0.476
15.3±1.7
14.3±0.943
19.3±0.472
18±0.816
-17.3±0.472
Values are triplicate and represented as mean ± standard deviation.
Endogenous bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus spp) in the biofilm (dental plaque)
produce weak organic acids as metabolic by products of fermentable carbohydrates. The acids
would cause local PH to fall below a critical value resulting in demineralization of the tooth tissue
(Featherstone et al.,2004 ). The results of a three year clinical trial of root caries and dental crowns
among adults showed a statistically significant difference for root caries and dental crown failure
scores, both favoring the colgate. Total toothpaste when compare to a control toothpaste which
contain only sodium fluoride (Vered et al., 2009).
In the present study, dental caries pathogens were isolated from infected persons. The dental
organisms were identified based on cultural, morphological and biochemical characteristics. The
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International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141
isolated colonies were confirmed as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli. The different herbal
toothpastes viz Babool, Vicco, Neem,Herbpo, Namboodiris, Himalaya, Dabur red and chemical
toothpastes viz Colgate, Colgate active salt, Colgate sensitive, pepsodent, Closeup, Sensodent K,
Anchor were tested against the dental isolates by well diffusion method. Streptococcus mutans and
Lactobacilli were quantitatively assessed by the presence or absence of inhibition zone and their
zones diameter. Among this, herbal toothpastes showed the highest resistance capacity on
Streptococcus mutans, and Lactobacilli when compared with chemical toothpastes. Natural products
are safer and cost effective when compared with synthetic chemicals. Usage of herbal products may
increase the shelflife of any material including teeth. So herbal toothpastes can be used as an
alternative to chemical one having adverse side effects on teeth and other parts of our body.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
Researches are thankful to our college sengamala Thayaar educational trust and women’s college for
providing laboratory and library facilities to carry out this study.
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sodium fluoride,0.3% triclosan, and 2.0% copolymer in a silica base and a dentrifrice
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