Download STANDARD 3 EOC 2015

Standard B- 3: Recognize the overall structure of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)—namely, adenine, the sugar ribose,
and three phosphate groups—and summarize its function.
Vocabulary: photosynthesis, light-dependent reactions, dark reactions (light-independent reactions), glucose, ATP,
ADP, adenine, ribose, phosphate group, nitrogenous base, cellular respiration, glycolysis, aerobic respiration, Krebs
cycle, electron transport chain, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, lactic acid fermentation, alcohol fermentation,
organic molecules, caloric value, protein, amino acid, carbohydrates, monosaccharides, lipids, glycerol, fatty acids
Macromolecules (biomolecules/organic molecules)- Large molecules that contain carbon *found in all living things
Name
Function/Structure
Monomer
Examples
(building block)
Main source of energy for cells, include sugars and starches,
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Bread, sugar,
made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a 2:1 ratio of
(simple sugars)
plants, pasta,
hydrogen to oxygen,
wheat
plants and animals use carbohydrates for maintaining structure
within the cells
Lipids
Stored energy; insulation; water-insoluble (fats and oils)
Glycerol and fatty
Fats, oils,
made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
acid
butter
Proteins
Control the rate of reactions; regulate cell processes; structure;
Amino acids
Meat, cheese,
Nitrogen-containing compounds made up of chains of amino
nuts,
acids
ENZYMES
Nucleic Acids
Store and transmit heredity information
Nucleotides
DNA and RNA
*Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts (speed up chemical
reactions).
*Enzymes are shaped specifically to fit a substrate (lock and key).
*pH and temperature can affect the way an enzyme works (can
denature the enzymes).
ATP/ADP Cycle
ATP(adenosine triphosphate) ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
Comparison of cellular respiration and photosynthesis
Photosynthesis (in the Chloroplast)
Food Broken Down
 Food Synthesized (made)
Carbon Dioxide given off
 Carbon Dioxide taken in
Oxygen taken in
 Oxygen given off
Produces Carbon Dioxide and Water
 Produces Sugars (Glucose)
Does not require Light
 Requires Light
Occurs in ALL Living Cells (including plants)
 Occurs only in presence of Chlorophyll
Organisms often called Heterotrophs
 Organisms called Autotrophs
Cellular Respiration (in the Mitochondria)

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




Photosynthesis
Equation for Photosynthesis:
6CO2
+
6H2O
carbon dioxide





Light Energy
----------
water
C6H12O6
+
6O2
glucose
oxygen
The process of changing light energy (from the sun) to glucose (chemical energy)
Takes place in the chloroplast (not in animal cells)
Reactants: carbon dioxide and water
Products: glucose and oxygen
Glucose is C6H12O6
Steps of Photosynthesis
Light dependent reactions
Light independent reactions

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Light energy is used to break down water
Oxygen is released
Carbon dioxide is broken down to make glucose
Cellular Respiration
(Aerobic)
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Equation for Cellular Respiration:
C6H12O6
+
6O2
----------
glucose





oxygen
6CO2
carbon dioxide
+
6H2O
+
water
Energy
ATP
The process of converting glucose into energy that cells can use to fuel life processes
Takes place in the mitochondria of all eukaryotic cells.
Reactants: glucose and oxygen
Products: carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm- if oxygen is present the Krebs Cycle begins in the mitochondria
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Two types of Respiration
Oxygen Present
Produces more
Steps: Glycolysis-> Krebs
energy
Cycle-> ETC
Oxygen Not
Produces less
Steps: Glycolysis -> lactic
Present
energy
acid OR alcohol fermentation
More Facts about Respiration:
*Krebs Cycle- produces a small amount of ATP and can also be called the citric acid cycle
*Electron Transport Chain (ETC)- is the last step of aerobic respiration and produces the MOST ATP
*Fermentation produces small amounts of energy when oxygen is not present (anaerobic)
*Lactic acid fermentation occurs in our muscles when all oxygen has been used.
*Alcohol fermentation occurs in yeast to make bread rise.