Download Social Studies Regional Final Review/Study Guide Tuesday, June

Social Studies Regional Final Review/Study Guide
Tuesday, June 17th
40 Multiple Choice Questions and a DBQ – Counts as 1 test.
Ice Age/Old Stone Age 2 million years ago – 10,000 years ago
Know the following words:
 artifact
 archaeologist
 Paleolithic – Hunters and Gatherers → Nomads
New Stone Age – 8,000 B.C – 3,000 B.C.
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Ice Age ended Earth warmed up ( Major turning point in human life) → Plants and animals prospered →
People settling → Farming and Domestication → Surplus of Food →Extra Time and Larger Communities →
specialization → Civilization began
 Neolithic age ended with the making of metal tools
 Neolithic - Farming
Know the following words:
 domestication
 artisan
 Prehistory
 Historian
 Primary source
 Secondary source
Four Early Civilizations (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus River and China) These civilizations were River Valley
civilizations. They thrived because the river provided life.
Mesopotamia/The Fertile Crescent – Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
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Fertile Crescent →Tigris and Euphrates Rivers → Silt → Rich Soil/Fertile land → Good farming →
→Civilization of Mesopotamia
 Harsh conditions – overflow of the rivers were unpredictable → drought → famine → tame the rivers
through irrigation → better farming → surplus of food→ barter
Know the following words:
 Mesopotamia – land between two rivers (Tigris and Euphrates)
 scribes
 ziggurat
 Cuneiform
 Code of Hammurabi
Ancient Egypt - The Nile River
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King Menes unites Upper and Lower Egypt
Nile River in Africa – longest river in the world – flows north to the Mediterranean Sea
One of the first societies to have an organized government
The Great Pyramid (largest) for Pharaoh Khufu (2,600 B.C.E) guarded by the Great Sphinx
Hyksos conquered Egypt, Egyptians learned from them (horse drawn chariots, swords, metal armor) until
Egyptians drove the Hyksos out
Believed in life after death – took things from this life with you to the next life
1922 Howard Carter discovered King Tutankhamen’s tomb
Know the following words:
 empire
 Irrigation (streams, canals, pipes)
 Hieroglyphics
 Rosetta Stone
 Hatshepsut – first woman ruler known to history – extensive trade
 Social pyramid – slaves at the bottom, pharaoh at the top
Indus River Valley - Indus River
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In modern day Pakistan – between Himalayas and Hindu Kush – melting snow unites with the Indus River
which flows to the Arabian Sea
 40,000 people by 2,300 B.C. – extremely large (Mesopotamia only had about 10,000)
 The streets of Mohenjo Daro and Harrappa were mysteriously abandoned.
Know the following words:
 Mohenjo Daro
 Harrappa
 Seals
Ancient China – Huang River
 Huang River is known as “China’s sorrow” – every 25 years the river flooded
 Huang and Chang rivers – built the Grand Canal to connect them
 1,700 B.C. Shang founded the dynasty – a line of rulers that belong to the same family
 Family important
Know the following words:
 Mandate of Heaven – command from on high
 Oracle Bones
 Chinese Writing – 3,000 characters (Ancient) 50,000 characters (modern)
 Confucius – wise teacher, died in 479 B.C.E. – ideas spread throughout China and the world
 The Great Wall of China
 Kublai Khan- lengthened Grand Canal to reach Beijing – made Beijing the capital
 The Forbidden City
Ancient Hebrews
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Abraham led people from Mesopotamia to Canaan→ famine→ moved to Egypt → made slaves for 400
years → Exile out of Egypt: Moses lead them out of Egypt → 40 years in the desert → 10 Commandments
→ finally reached freedom “land of milk and honey” in Canaan
First civilization to believe in one God
King Solomon rules from Jerusalem – known as being wise (Proverbs of Solomon)
Know the following words:
Monotheism
Polytheism
Ancient Greece
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Rugged land, some farming (grapes and olives)
Trading of ideas since it was in the center of many civilizations
Greeks and Phoenicians built colonies in surrounding areas for trade
Greeks adapted Phoenicians alphabet
Many islands, different city-states (polis), same language, different governments
Sparta was harsh. Conquered people and made them helots.
Athens had artisans
Persian Wars
o Battle of Marathon – Athenians fought off Persians
o Battle of Thermopylae – hundreds of Spartan soldiers were killed
Athens lured the Persian fleet into narrow straits by island of Salamis – Athens won.
 Athens became the leader of Greece
 Different forms of government – monarchy, oligarchy, tyranny, democracy
 Athens first to have a democracy-government run by the people in which the citizens make their own laws).
 Olympic games, theater, philosophy (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle), epic poetry, myths
 Peloponnesian wars –Athens’s final battle → Alexander the Great took over (Macedonian). He spread
Greek ideas (East meets West)
Know the following words:
 Herodotus/Thucydides – historians
 Agora – central marketplace
 Acropolis – hilltop fortress that the Parthenon was located on (temple to the goddess Athena)
 Assembly –basic lawmaking body in a democracy (male citizens, 18 +)
 Pericles – one of history’s greatest leaders – started trial by jury (male citizens only)
Ancient Rome –
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Romulus and Remus – legend about the beginning of Rome. King Romulus was the first king.
Republic (a government where the citizens have a right to choose their leaders) – only male citizens with
money and property could vote
Patricians – rich upper class , 200 families
Plebeians -90% of the population – revolted against the patricians → 10 tribunes (representation in the
Senate) → 12 tables (laws carved on 12 bronze tablets)
Punic Wars
o Carthage and Rome fight over Sicily, Rome wins Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia
o Hannibal attacks Rome from the North and wins
o Scipio goes to Carthage (Africa by Tunisia) and wins against Hannibal in the Battle of Zama. This
may be the most important battle in history because it lead to expansion of Rome and Roman
ideas.
Julius Caesar was made a dictator. He took power from the Senate. The Senate stabbed him to death.
“Beware of the ides of March.” And “Et tu, Brute?”
17 year civil war after Julius Caesar’s death
Octavian Augustus (Caesar Augustus) restored order to Rome
The Pax Romana –a 200 year period of peace
Architecture, Colosseum, monuments, the Aqueducts, Latin and the Romance languages
Birth of Christianity –
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Jesus is born in Nazareth to a Jewish couple, Joseph and Mary (Palestine)
At age 30 he starts his ministry, picks 12 apostles, and preaches about the “kingdom of God”
Roman government feared a revolt against Rome and crucified Jesus
Jesus’ followers said he rose from the dead 3 days later
Paul spread Christianity “the good news” to all social classes, Jews, Greeks, Romans, women, and slaves
Peter is made first leader of the church – later called the pope
Rome would not tolerate Christianity and began killing Christians (Fed them to the lions in the Colosseum)
312 A.D. Constantine became the emperor of Rome – he let people pick their own religions. This was an
important turning point in Christianity. Constantine became Christian
Christianity continued to flourish and the Roman empire eventually fell in 476 B.C.E. to invaders
Middle Ages –
500 A.D. – 1,500 A.D (Dark Ages 500-1000 A.D. / High Middle Ages 1000-1,500 A.D.)
 The Franks established a powerful kingdom in Europe
 Charlemagne, Charles the Great doubled the size of his kingdom. Pope Leo III made him the emperor.
 Vikings attack → People not safe → Feudalism begins
 Feudalism – kings granted large pieces of land (fief) to the lords → Lords → Vassals → Serfs (majority of
people) - Feudalism did not encourage growth
 Manor – a large farming estate where nobles and serfs lived and worked. Manors were self-sufficient
economic units. There were few towns, only manors.
 Knights were male children of nobles that were trained to be soldiers in a ward. They gave military service
to a king or lord in return for the right to hold land.
 500-1000 A.D. were harsh years for Europeans. Religion was important
 Monasteries and convents with monks and nuns, cathedrals
 Church scribes – drew scenes from lives of saints, bible stories,
 St. Francis of Assisi
. The Crusades (Holy Wars) 1,095 A.D begin.
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7th century B.C. Muslim rulers conquered Palestine – a land known by Christians as “the Holy Land”.
Christians made pilgrimages (a journey for a religious purpose) to the Holy Land
1000 A.D. Seljuk Turks killed thousands of Christians making pilgrimages.
Pope Urban II tells the people to “go forth in battle against the Turks”
Crusades began – a great failure for the Church
Lots of traveling led to trade and spread of ideas. (Scarborough Fair)
Towns grew, guilds formed to control trade – apprentice, journeyman
King John forced people to give huge sums of money → Magna Carta “great charter” –established the idea
that a king must live by the law.
Renaissance begins – Michelangelo, Leonardo Da Vinci
Islam –600 A.D. Islam was founded – one of the world’s major religions
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Muhammad preached about 1 god, Allah. Muslims believe in the same God as the Jews and Christians.
Believe Muhammad is the last prophet (Abraham, Moses, Jesus, Muhammad)
Koran is their holy book and the “word of God”
5 Pillars
o Faith
o Prayer
o Alms
o Fasting
o Pilgrimage to Mecca