Download Lecture Notes for Human Body: An Orientation: Part B

The Human Body
An Orientation: Part B
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What is Anatomy?

Anatomy – the study of the
structure of living organisms
(to cut up stuff and look at it)
What is Physiology?

Physiology – the study of the
function of living organisms
What is the Principle of Complementarity?
Function always reflects structure
 What a structure can do depends on its specific
form

Can you name the Levels of
Organization?
Put the following terms in order from smallest
to largest.
Organ
Electron
Cell
Neutron
Atoms
Cells
Tissue
Molecule
Proton
Organelle
Organism
Organ system
Can you name the Levels of
Organization?
Electrons – has mass 1/1836 of a proton
Protons – 1,007,276,466,771 atomic mass units
Neutrons – 1,008,664,915,660 atomic mass units
Atoms
Molecules
Organelle
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Levels of Structural Organization
Levels of Organization
TISSUE – Group of similar cells & intercellular
substances specialized to perform a specific function
ORGAN – 2 + tissues
performing a specific function
ORGAN SYSTEM – a group of organs that work
together to perform a vital body function
BODY
SYSTEMS
1. What is their
role?
2. What are the
major
organs that
perform this
job/role?
What is
homeostasis?
What are the
components of a
control
mechanism?
Give an example
of a negative
AND positive
feedback
system.
What is anatomical position?
Ventral vs. Dorsal
Anterior vs. Posterior
Proximal
vs.
Distal
Superficial
vs.
Deep
Lateral vs. Medial
Anatomical Position

Standard anatomical body position
- Body erect
- Feet slightly apart
- Palms facing forward
Regional Terms

Two major divisions of body:
 Axial
 Head,
neck, and trunk
 Appendicular
 Limbs

Regional terms designate specific areas
Body Planes
Plane: Flat
surface along
which body
or structure
is cut for
anatomical
study
Body Planes

Sagittal plane
 Divides
body vertically into right and left parts
 Produces a sagittal section

Midsagittal (median) plane
 Lies

on midline
Parasagittal plane
 Not
on midline
Body Planes

Frontal (coronal) plane
 Divides
body vertically into anterior and
posterior parts

Transverse (horizontal) plane
 Divides
body horizontally into superior and
inferior parts
 Produces a cross section

Oblique section
 Cuts
made diagonally
Anatomical Variability

Over 90% of all anatomical structures
match textbook descriptions, but:
 Nerves
or blood vessels may be somewhat
out of place
 Small muscles may be missing
Median vs. Lateral
Body Cavities

Ventral cavity
 Houses

internal organs (viscera)
Two subdivisions (separated
by diaphragm):
 Thoracic
cavity
 Abdominopelvic cavity
Ventral Body Cavities

Thoracic cavity subdivisions:
 Two
pleural cavities
 Each

houses a lung
Mediastinum
 Contains
pericardial cavity
 Surrounds thoracic organs

Pericardial cavity
 Encloses
heart
The heart, surrounded by the pericardial cavity, sits in the anterior
portion of the mediastinum. The mediastinum , the region between
the two pleural cavities, also contains the thymus, esophagus, and
trachea.
Ventral Body Cavities

Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions:
 Abdominal
 Contains

cavity
stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver
Pelvic cavity
 Contains
urinary bladder, reproductve organs,
and rectum
Serous Membrane (Serosa)

Thin, double-layered membrane separated
by serous fluid:
 Parietal
serosa lines internal body walls
 Visceral serosa covers the internal organs
The Location of the Heart in the Thoracic Cavity
Separation of Body Cavities

Each body cavity is lined with a thin,
double-layered membrane (serous
membranes)

Lining the cavity wall is the parietal serosa

Lining the organs in the cavity is the
visceral serosa

Each body cavity gives these membranes
special names (i.e. visceral pleura, peritoneum, etc.)
Abdominopelvic Regions

Nine divisions used primarily by
anatomists
Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Divisions used primarily by medical
personnel
Other Body Cavities
Oral and digestive cavities
 Nasal cavity
 Orbital cavities
 Middle ear cavities
 Synovial cavities
