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The Empires of Egypt and Nubia Collide Chapter 4 Section 1 • The New Kingdom of Egypt After the prosperity of the Middle Kingdom, Egypt descended into war and violence, caused by a succession of weak pharaohs and power struggles among rival nobles. After being invaded by nomads known as the Hyksos, warlike rulers retook Egypt and began to restore her power. This period is known as the New Kingdom (15701075 BC). During this time, Egypt became wealthier and more powerful than ever before. Egypt’s Empire Builders in the New Kingdom Equipped with bronze weapons and twowheeled chariots, the Egyptians became conquerors. They set up an army including archers, charioteers, and infantry. They also added a new crown-the blue crown, a war crown. During this time, there was one ruler, Hatsheput, who focused on trade, rather than war. She was replaced by her stepson, Thutmose III, who probably had her murdered. He pushed into Nubia, a region of Africa that straddled the upper Nile River. From Nubia, soldiers brought back gold, cattle, ivory, and many slaves. The Egyptians and the Hittites By about 1400 BC, Egyptian armies had crossed the Sinai Peninsula and conquered parts of syria and Palestine. These conquests brought the Egyptians into conflict with the Hittites. Eventually, the pharaoh, Ramses II, and the Hittites king signed a peace treaty that lasted for a century. An Age of Builders Magnificent palaces, temples, and tombs were built. In search of security in the afterlife, they hid their splendid tombs beneath desert cliffs to avoid tomb robbers. This was known as the Valley of the Kings near Thebes. • The Empire Declines After 1200 BC, strong civilizations rose to challenge Egypt’s power. After Ramses died, the entire eastern Mediterranean suffered a wave of invasions that destroyed many kingdoms. Invasions by Land and Sea Both the Egyptian empire and the Hittite kingdom were attacked by “the People of the Sea”. From the east, the tribes of Palestine often rebelled against their Egyptian overlords. Egypt’s Empire Fades After these invasions, Egypt never recovered its previous power. It broke apart into regional units, and small kingdoms arose. Powerless, Egypt fell to its neighbors’ invasions, including Libya and Nubia. • The Kushites Conquer the Nile Region Egypt’s domination of Nubia and the Nubian kingdom of Kush lasted about a thousand years. But as Egypt fell into decline, Kush was emerging as a regional power. The People of Nubia The first Nubian kingdom, Kerma, arose shortly after 2000 BC. Red-andblack Kerma pottery of great beauty fetched high prices from Egyptian nobles. Kerma prospered during Egypt’s Hyksos period. The Interaction of Egypt and Nubia With Egypt’s revival during the New Kingdom, pharaohs forced their rule on Kush. The Kushite’s traveled to Egypt and adopted all things Egyptian including clothing and writing style. Piankhi Captures the Egyptian Throne In 751 BC, a Kushite king named Piankhi led an army down the Nile and overthrew the Libyan dynasty that had ruled Egypt for over 200 years. He and his descendants became Egypt’s 25th dynasty. However, Piankhi’s dynasty proved shortlived. In 671 BC, the Assyrians conquered Egypt. The Kushites fought bravely, but were forced to retreat south, there the Kushites would experience a golden age, despite their loss of Egypt. • The Golden Age of Meroe After their defeat by the Assyrians, the Kushite royal family eventually moved south to Meroe. It became active in the booming trade between Africa, Arabia, and India. The Wealth of Kush It was here that Kush made use of rich natural resources to thrive independently of Egypt for several hundred years. Due to rich supplies of iron ore, Meroe became a major center for the manufacture of iron weapons and tools. The Decline of Meroe After four centuries of prosperity, from about 250 BC-150 AD, Meroe began to decline. The rise of Aksum, a rival power located 400 miles southeast, contributed to Meroe’s fall.