Download PARTS-OF-SPEECH

PARTS OF SPEECH
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Nouns
Pronouns
Articles
Adjectives
Adverbs
Conjunctions
Prepositions
Verbs
1. NOUNS
naming words
 Common Nouns
• Names given to ordinary objects
• Identified by the, a, an preceding them
e.g. the man, the fly, an orange
• Two nouns together = compound noun
e.g. hand + bag = handbag
 Proper Nouns
• Always begin with CAPITAL LETTERS
• Gives names to people, places, days, months, titles of
books/movies/songs/plays and educational subjects
e.g. Shaun
Tuesday Easter
Maths
NOUNS cont.
 Abstract Nouns
• something we cannot see, touch or measure
• usually a feeling or emotion
• you can give it to someone but not in a box
e.g. courage
attitude
obedience
kindness
 Collective Nouns
• The name of a collection or group of things
• Descriptive way of saying “lots of…”
e.g. a flight of stairs
a string of pearls
2. PRONOUNS
 Takes the place of a noun
 Use pronouns to avoid repetition
 Pronouns will change depending on their use either as a subject or an object
Personal Pronoun
Possessive
Pronoun
Possessive
Adjective
Subject
Object
I
Me
Mine
My
You
You
Yours
Your
He
Him
His
His
She
Her
Hers
Her
It
It
We
Us
Ours
Our
You
You
Yours
Your
They
Them
Theirs
Their
Its
PRONOUNS
 Personal pronouns
6 types
- refer to people or things
- e.g. I, you, he…  They do their work.
 Possessive Pronouns
- indicates ownership
- e.g. mine, yours, his…  This book is hers, not yours.
 Reflexive Pronouns
- reflects back to the noun or pronoun
- usually ends in –self or –selves
- e.g. himself, herself, yourself, themselves
 James cut himself with the razor.
PRONOUNS cont.
 Interrogative Pronouns
- ask questions
- e.g. Who? What? Whose? Which? To whom? etc.
 Whose is this? To whom does this belong?
 Demonstrative Pronouns
- point out a specific person or thing
- e.g. This is not the way we do things.
That has to go!
this
(sing.)
that
these (pl.)
those (pl.)
close
(sing.)
far
PRONOUNS cont.
!!!!!!!!!!!NB!!!!!!!!!!!
If a demonstrative pronoun is followed
by a noun, it becomes an adjective!
e.g. That picture is very pretty
(that = adj.describes the picture)
PRONOUNS cont.
 Relative pronouns
- perform the function of conjunctions by joining one part of a sentence to
another.
- Common relative pronouns
e.g. who, whom, whose  refer to people
that, which, what  refer to animals or inanimate objects
- Replace nouns or pronouns
e.g. I am proud of the girl. Her results are good.
I am proud of the girl whose results are good.
- Placed close to the nouns to which they refer
e.g. I have a ring in my jewellery box that sparkles. 
I have a ring that sparkles in my jewellery box. 
3. ARTICLES
Usually precede nouns or adjectives
a, an, the
 Definite article  the
- refers to something specific or definite
- e.g. the chair, the tall girl
 Indefinite article  a/an
- refer to something non-specific or indefinite
- a is used for words beginning with consonant sounds
e.g.
a house a university
- an is used for words with open vowel sounds
e.g. an hour an onion
an MG car
4. ADJECTIVES
Qualify or describe NOUNS and PRONOUNS by giving more
information
 Descriptive adjectives
- the most commonly used adjectives
e.g. The loyal/intelligent/creative/motivated child.
 Proper adjectives
- proper nouns used as adjectives
- e.g. The August winds are good for flying kites.
 Adjectives of quantity
- e.g. two / many / several / few / some / most children…
each / every / neither child…
ADJECTIVES cont.
 Adjectives of order
- e.g. first, second, last
 Demonstrative adjective
- e.g. this/that book
 Possessive adjective
- my / his / her / our / their
 Interrogative adjectives
- which/what/whose lesson/book
 Compound adjectives
- adjectives joined by hyphens
- e.g. a half-ripe fruit
!!!!!!!!!!NOTE!!!!!!!!!!
*Adjectives may be formed or
recognised by these suffixes*:
-able  comfortable
-ant  constant
-ary  ordinary
-ible  convertible
-ish  feverish
-ive  possessive
-en  proven
-ent  permanent
-ful  hopeful
-less  painless
-ory  preparatory
-ous  adventurous
5. ADVERBS
Adverb of MANNER
- answers the question ‘How?’
- e.g. How did he eat?  He ate fast.
Adverb of PLACE
- answers the question ‘Where?’
- e.g. here, there, near, far
Adverb of TIME
- answers the question ‘When?’
- now, then, today, never
ADVERBS cont.
Adverb of DEGREE
- answers the question ‘To what extent?’
- e.g. very, quite, almost, hardly, really…
Adverb of FREQUENCY
- answers the question ‘How often?’
- e.g. always, never, once, seldom, occasionally…
6. CONJUNCTIONS
Connecting words that join two or more sentences or
clauses into a single sentence.
What is a clause?
• A group of words containing a finite verb.
Can stand on its own and does not need an auxiliary
(helping) verb
E.g. She loves him.
• Conveys a single idea
E.g. As the sun went down, we listened to classical music.
Clause
Clause
6. CONJUNCTIONS
Main clauses (Independent Clause)
-The main idea of a sentence
-Can stand on its own and still make sense
E.g. The van came to a halt, after it had run out of petrol.
Subordinate clause (Dependent Clause)
-Always contains a verb but cannot stand alone
-Dependent on main clause for its meaning
-A comma often separates the main clause from the
subordinate clause
E.g. While the engine was running, the man jumped out of
the car.
6. CONJUNCTIONS
What is a Phrase?
-A group of words without a finite verb
-Can never stand alone, but is always part of a sentence
-Also called a fragment of the sentence
E.g. The shop around the corner is open 24 hours a day.
The company, specialising in travel, received the award.
6. CONJUNCTIONS
Connecting words that join two or more sentences or clauses
into a single sentence.
 Co-ordinating conjunction
- joins two words or ideas of equal weight
- e.g. fish and chips; bacon and eggs
He completed the course and received a certificate
 Subordinating conjunction
- join a main clause to a subordinate clause
- e.g. They played a soccer match although a storm
threatened.
CONJUNCTIONS cont.
More examples of conjunctions:
because
though
while
or
until
however
unless
for
yet
if
meanwhile
when
but
and
since
7. PREPOSITIONS
– relate two words/phrases to one another
– show place, position, manner, time or reason
– e.g. she will do it after the events.
– do not confuse prepositions with adverbs
– e.g. We had to play outside.  (adverb)
It happened outside the house.  (preposition)
***We learn to use correct
prepositions by listening and
reading often***
8. VERBS
– are actions / describe what is happening
– carry tense
– indicates singular or plural
 Finite verbs
- complete verbs that can stand on their own and
don’t need a helping verb
- MUST have a subject, number (singular/plural),
meaning and tense
- e.g. The girl runs away
The girl will run away
** non-finite verbs are parts of
verbs **
VERBS cont.
 Auxiliary verbs (modals)
- helping verbs
- stand in front of other verb forms
- shows if a subject is singular/plural
- indicates tense
- e.g. She has done her homework.
 The verb ‘TO BE’
- linking verb that connects a noun with another
noun, or a noun with an adjective.
- e.g. The man is a pilot. (links with noun)
The man was brave. (links with adjective)
**the word that follows the linking
verb is NOT an object, but a
complement**
VERBS cont.
 The infinitive
- the verb is preceded by ‘TO’
- cannot stand alone
- must precede a finite verb
- e.g. She loves to play
- DO NOT split the infinitive
e.g. I am going to really work hard. 
I am really going to work hard. 
VERBS cont.
 Participles
- cannot function on their own – they need
auxiliary verbs
verb + ing/ed = participle
 Present participle = action that goes on
- usually end in –ing
e.g. He is reading
 Past participle = help to form past tense of verb
 usually ends in:
–d; –ed; –n; –en
 and follows:
was; were; has; have; had

e.g. It was broken