Download Lat-CULTURE_HISTORY-Littletown-Pt3-2016

Part III – LATE REPUBLIC
A. SOCIAL PROBLEMS , THE GRACHII BROTHERS , and the SOCIAL WAR
i.
Between the 2nd and third Punic Wars, Rome conquered and annexed _____________ and
___________. Rome now had a large empire. .War lout poured into Rome.
ii. War loot poured into Rome. The rich got r_____________but the poor got p___________.
iii. Many small farmers, including war veterans, lost their l_______, and moved to the cities. They
were unemployed. Wealthy Romans bought up much of the land and had large ____________
iv. 133B: Tiberius G_________________ was an idealistic Patrician who took the side of the poor. He
ran for and was elected ______________________. He revived and old law that set a legal limit on
the amount of ___________ an individual could own, and proposed that excess ________ be
redistributed to the poor. He proposed using resources from the recent Roman acquisition of
Pergamum to fund this land reform. The Senate opposed this.
v. Tiberius _________________ was clubbed to death by Senatorial supporters during a riot.
vi. 122BC: Gaius G_________________ took up his brother’s cause. He was elected tribune and
proposed numerous reforms, including: selling __________ to the poor at ½ its regular price;
establishing a _________ for poor Romans near the ruins of Carthage; giving _____________ to all
Italians.
vii. The Senate made sure that Gaius ____________ was not re-elected Tribune. Some of his
supporters had a demonstration, the army was called in, thousands of his supporters were killed,
and Gaius G_________________ committed suicide to avoid arrest.
viii. By now, 2 political parties had formed: ___________________ Senate & rich people;
_____________________ lower classes.
B.SOCIAL WAR: 90BC-88BC; There was a rebellion of the Italian allies, who demanded full citizenship. .
Forces under Gaius M______________ put down the rebellion, but Rome gave ______________ to all
Italians anyway.
D. TRANSITION FROM REPUBLIC TO EMPIRE: A series of generals took power:
i. G______________M________, a general, reformed the army and made it professional; was consul several
times and held a lot of political power; supported the common people and belonged to the P_____________
party
ii. Later, another general, S_______, took control of the Roman government with the support of the Senate.
He belonged the the O_____________ party. He put up “proscription” lists of “public enemies” to be killed for a
reward.
iii.In 60BC, the 1st T________ shared power. It included:
a. P_________-who defeated pirates on the Med. Sea & conquered land in the east.
b.
C________ -richest man in Rome
c. G________J___ C_______- youngest & eventually most powerful of the three.
i.
59BC-49BC: G_________ J______ C_______ (JC) commanded an army & conquered G_______(France).
His most famous battle in G_________ was the battle of A________ in which he defeated Vercingetorix, a
Celtic leader.
ii.
P______ & the Senate ordered J.C. to return to Rome. J.C. returned with his army. P__________& the
Senate fled to Greece, where J.C. defeated them at the battle of Ph___________. P______ then fled to
Egypt where the ruler of Egypt (Ptolemy) beheaded him. J.C. put Cl___________ (sister of Ptolemy) on the
Egyptian throne & made Egypt an ally.
iii. J.C. took control of Rome with the title “D_________ for life”.
iv. Reforms of J.C.: gave l_______ to poor farmers, gave j_______ to the unemployed; gave bread to the poor;
reformed the c_____________.
v.
44BC: Senators including B______ believed JC was destroying the republic & assassinated him and
assassinated him on the Ides of March (March 15), 44BC.
vi. Following the murder of J.C, for a time the “2nd T_________” held power. It included:
a. M_________ A_______(general, friend, & brother-in-law of J. C.),
b.
G__________ Iulius O_________ : grandnephew of JC, adopted by JC as son. After adoption, his
name was G_________ Iulius Caesar Octavianus
c.
L___________ (a general)-he soon dropped out.
d. For a while, M______ A______ ruled the east, and O_____________ ruled the west.
e. Then there was another power struggle between O__________& M_____ A_____. At the battle of
Actium (31BC) O_______& his general Agrippa defeated M_____ A_______ and his lover
Cl_________. Now O__________ had sole power.