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! ! UNIT!4! ! MONOPHONIC!AND! POLYPHONIC!MUSIC! ! ! 1. Texture! 1.!1.!Monophonic!texture! 1.!2.!Polyphonic!texture! 2. Scales! 2.!1.!Major!scales! 2.!2.!Minor!scales! 2.!3.!Scale!degrees! MUSIC!2º!ESO! 2015/2016! UNIT!4! ! !MONOPHONIC!AND!POLYPHONIC!MUSIC! 1.! Texture) Texture!is!one!of!the!basic!elements!of!music!which!describes!the!relationship!among! the!different!musical!voices.!The!piece’s!texture!may!be!described!using!terms!such!as! “thick”!and!“light”,!“rough”!or!“smooth”.!The!texture!of!a!piece!can!be!affected!by!the! number! and! character! of! melodies,! the! timbre! of! the! instruments! or! voices! ,the! harmony,!the!tempo!and!the!rhythm.!Texture!is!the!sound!density.! In! music! some! common! terms! for! different! kind! of! textures! are! monophonic,! polyphonic,!heterophonic!and!homophonic!music.! ) 1.)1.)Monophonic)texture) A! melody! performed! alone! is! the! simplest! pattern! of! musical! texture.! This! is! called! “monophonic! texture”.! Remember,! a! melody! performed! by! one! or! many! musicians! represents!a!single!musical!voice!if!the!same!notes!are!performed!by!everyone.) One!way!to!remember!the!term!monophonic!is!to!consider!its!parts:) “mono”!+!“phonic”!=!“monophonic”! “one”!!!!!+!“sound”!=!“one!sound”!(a!single!melody)! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ) 1.)2.)Polyphonic)texture) In!unit!3!we!studied!that!in!music,!when!two!or!more!different!notes!are!sung!or!played! at! the! same! time,! there’s! a! harmony.! Harmony! may! be! created! when! two! or! more! different!melodies!are!performed!at!the!same!time!in!different!musical!voices.!! ! ! UNIT!4! !MONOPHONIC!AND!POLYPHONIC!MUSIC! ! One!way!to!remember!the!term!polyphonic!is!to!consider!its!parts:! “poly”!+!“phonic”!=!“polyphonic”! “many”!!!!!+!“sounds”!=!“many!sounds”!(two!or!more!melodies)! Remember,!polyphonic!texture!consists!of!several!melodies!performed!together!at!the! same!time.! Polyphonic!music!can!be:! ]! Contrapuntal!polyphonic!music!(this!texture!is!also!called!heterophonic!music):! When!the!multiple!melodic!voices!are!independent!from!one!another.! In! this!kind! of!music,! there! is!one! of! them!that! stands! out,!it!is! called! canon.! Canon! consist! of! a! note]for]note! imitation! of! one! melodic! line! by! another,! in! which!the!second!melody!starts!after!the!first.! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! UNIT!4! !MONOPHONIC!AND!POLYPHONIC!MUSIC! ! ]! Homophonic!music:!This!texture!is!characterized!by!different!pitches!occurring! simultaneously!and!moving!together!with!similar!rhythm!in!a!voice!or!group!of! voices.!There!is!a!clear!vertical!relationship!that!is!present!among!the!different! voices.! ! ! ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) 2.! Scales) A!scale!is!a!series!of!notes!arranged!from!low!to!high!or!viceversa.!Most!of!the!music! written!since!the!XVII!century!uses!two!types!of!scales:!the!major!scale!and!the!minor! scale.!What!really!defines!the!type!of!scale!is!not!its!first!note!but!the!whole!steps!and! half]steps!that!define!the!distance!between!the!different!notes!of!the!scale.) 2.)1.)Major)scales) Major!scales!have!the!following!sequence!of!whole!and!half!steps:! ! ! UNIT!4! !MONOPHONIC!AND!POLYPHONIC!MUSIC! ! The!model!to!build!major!scales!is!C!Major!Scale.!Look!at!the!example!below:! ! ) 2.)2.)Minor)scales) Minor!scales!have!the!following!sequence!of!whole!and!half!steps:! ! The!model!to!build!minor!scales!is!A!Minor!Scale.!Look!at!the!example!below:! ) 2.)3.)Scale)degrees) In!music!theory,!a!scale!degree!is!the!name!given!to!a!particular!note!of!a!scale!to!specify! its!position!relative!to!the!tonic!(the!main!note!of!the!scale).! ! ! ! UNIT!4! !MONOPHONIC!AND!POLYPHONIC!MUSIC! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!I!!!!!!!!!!!!!II!!!!!!!!!!III!!!!!!!!!!IV!!!!!!!!V!!!!!!!!!!!VI!!!!!!!!!VII!! ! The!degrees!of!the!traditional!major!and!minor!scales!may!be!called!by!several!ways:! •! the!first,!second,!third,!fourth,!fifth,!sixth!and!seventh!degree!of!the!scale! •! by!Roman!numerals!(I,!II,!III,!IV!...)! •! by! the! names! and! function:! tonic,! supertonic,! mediant,! subdominant,! dominant,! submediant,!leading!note!(leading!tone!in!the!United!States)!and!tonic!again.! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
