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Indirect Statement
Chapters 46-48
Infinitives
 There
are six infinitives
Active
Pres. -are, -ere, -ere, ire
ex. ducere
Passive
-ari, -eri, -i, -iri
ex. duci
Perf. perf. stem + isse
ex. duxisse
perf. pass. part. + esse
ex. ductus esse
Future future act. part + esse
ex. ducturus esse
RARE – WON’T LEARN
New Infinitives Explained
 Perfect



Passive Infinitive
Perfect Passive Participle + esse
Translation: to have been________
Ex. tractus esse – to have been dragged
 Future Active



Infinitive
Future active participle + esse
Translation – to be about/going to_______
Ex. laudaturus esse – to be going to praise
What is Indirect Statement?

Direct Statement:
He loves her.
In a direct statement the
action is simply done
by the subject.

Indirect Statement:
They say that he loves
her.
In an indirect statement
the statement is
expressed
INDIRECTLY after a
verb that implies
action taking place in
the head.
Huh???
 In
English, an indirect statement is
introduced by the word “that”



He says THAT she is pretty.
I think THAT Marcus is sleeping.
We know THAT the slavewomen work hard.
 NOTICE
THAT THE MAIN VERB IS ONE
OF THINKING, SAYING, KNOWING,
BELIEVING, HEARING, SEEING (THE
“HEAD” VERBS.)
Indirect Statement in Latin

In LATIN, an indirect statement is constructed using
the following formula:
Main verb + “subject” accusative + infinitive
Dicunt puellam pulchram esse.
They say that the girl is pretty.
Puellam is the accusative subject
Esse is the infinitive
The word “that” is implied in the translation and the
infinitive is translated as a regular verb.
Main Verbs in Indirect Statement
dico, dicere – to say
scio, scire – to know
spero, -are – to hope
video, -ere – to see
audio, -ire – to hear
puto, -are – to think
sentio, -ire – to feel,
notice
credo, -ere – to believe
respondeo, -ere – to
respond, answer
constat – it is agreed
pro certo habeo – to be
sure
Infinitives in Indirect Statement
 You
can use any tense of the infinitive in
an indirect statement.
 How each infinitive is translated depends
on:


The tense of the infinitive
The tense of the main verb
Time and Infinitives

The PRESENT INFINITIVE indicates action
occurring AT THE SAME TIME as that of the
main verb. (CONTEMPORANEOUS
INFINITIVE)

The PERFECT INFINITIVE indicates TIME
BEFORE that of the main verb. (PRIOR
INFINITIVE)

The FUTURE INFINITIVE indicates TIME
AFTER that of the main verb. (SUBSEQUENT
INFINITIVE)
When the Main Verb is Present
Dicunt (They say)
a. eum amare eam – that he loves her (present)
b. eum amavisse eam – that he loved her (perfect)
c. Eum amaturum esse eam – that he will love her
(future)
When the Main Verb is Past
(Perfect or Imperfect)
Dixerunt (They said)
a.
b.
c.
Eum amare eam – that he was loving her
(present infinitive translated as imperfect)
Eum amavisse eam – that he had loved her
(perfect infinitive translated as pluperfect)
Eum amaturum esse eam – that he would
love her (future infinitive translated as “would”)
Future Infinitive
Look at this sentence
Dixerunt Valerium amaturum esse Corneliam.
They said that Valerius would love Cornelia.
Note that the future active infinitive must agree in
gender, number and case with the accusative
subject.
When the Main Verb is Future
Dicent (They will say)
a.
b.
c.
Marcum dormire – that Marcus is sleeping
Marcum dormivisse – that Marcus was
sleeping
Marcum dormiturum esse – that Marcus will
be sleeping
Indirect Statement with Passive Infinitives
Present Passive Infinitive
When the main verb is present, the present passive
infinitive is translated as a present tense verb.
Video multos milites occidi.
I see that many soldiers are being killed.
When the main verb is past (imperfect or perfect), the
present infinitive is translated as imperfect.
Vidi multos milites occidi.
I saw that many soldiers were being killed.
Indirect Statement with Passive Infinitives
Perfect Passive Infinitive
When the main verb is present, the perfect passive
infinitive is translated as a perfect tense verb.
Cornelius videt pupam a Sexto abreptam esse.
Cornelius sees that the doll has been snatched away by
Sextus.
When the main verb is past (imperfect or perfect), the
perfect infinitive is translated as pluperfect.
Cornelius vidit pupam a Sexto abreptam esse.
Cornelius saw that the doll had been snatched away by
Sextus.