Download Human Biology - Sonoma Valley High School

Human Biology
Body Organization
Human Body
Plan
•
Levels of
organization
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Chemical
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Modern Biology
Pages 904-908
Tissues of the
Human Body
•
•
•
•
Muscle Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Modern Biology
Pages 904-908
Muscle Tissue
• Three types
– Smooth
– Skeletal
– Cardiac
• Function
– Movement
– Heat production
Modern Biology
Pages 904-908
Nervous Tissue
• Composed of
neurons.
• Functions
– Creates impulses
– Receives
information
– Sends information
Modern Biology
Pages 904-908
Epithelial Tissue
• Covering tissue
• Cells are tightly bound
together.
• 1 to many cells in
thickness
• Always connected to
basement membrane.
Modern Biology
Pages 904-908
Epithelial Tissue
• Simple
– Single layer
• Stratified
– Many layers
• Pseudostratified.
– Looks like several
layers but is just
one.
Modern Biology
Pages 904-908
Epithelial Tissue
• Squamous
– Flat and scale like.
• Cuboidal
– Cube like in shape
• Columnar
– Long and narrow - column
like in shape.
Modern Biology
Pages 904-908
Epithelial Tissue
• Some types have
cilia on surface of
cells.
• Other types
secrete materials
in glands.
Modern Biology
Pages 904-908
Organ Systems
• Groups of organs
specializing in
certain
functions.
• Meaning of
integration.
Modern Biology
Pages 907-908
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Cardiovascular
Nervous
Integumentary
Reproductive
Skeletal
Muscular
Respiratory
Immune
Endocrine
Excretory
Digestive
Body Cavities
• Anterior cavity
– Thoracic
– Abdominal
– Diaphragm
• Posterior cavity
– Cranial
– Spinal
Wednesday 4/14/03
Pages 907-908
Skeletal System
• Composed of 206
bones.
• Human skeleton is
an endoskeleton.
• Advantages
• Disadvantages
Wednesday 4/14/03
Pages 907-908
Axial Vs Appendicular
Skeleton
• Axial skeleton
–
–
–
–
Skull
Vertebrae
Sternum
Ribs
Wednesday 4/14/03
Pages 909-910
Axial Vs Appendicular
Skeleton
• Appendicular
skeleton
–
–
–
–
Pelvis
Legs
Scapula
arms
Wednesday 4/14/03
Pages 904-908
Functions of the
Human Skeleton
•
•
Bones provide
area of
attachment for
muscles.
Muscle must pull
against bones to
produce movement.
Wednesday 4/14/03
Pages 909-910
Insertion
Origin
Functions of the
Human Skeleton
•
Provides support
for the body
against effects
of gravity.
•
All land animals
must overcome the
effects of gravity
inorder to move.
Wednesday 4/14/03
Pages 909-910
Functions of the
Human Skeleton
•
•
•
Supports and
protects vital
organs
Brain is completely
enclosed by the
bones of the skull
Heart and lungs
enclosed by
vertebrae, ribs,
and sternum.
Wednesday 4/14/03
Pages 909-910
Functions of the
Human Skeleton
•
•
•
•
Stores minerals
for entire body.
–
–
Calcium
Phosphorus
Skeleton acts like a
warehouse.
Minerals are stored
and minerals are
released.
All minerals are
replaced over a few
months time.
Wednesday 4/14/03
Pages 909-910
Functions of the
Human Skeleton
•
•
•
Produces blood
cells.
Blood is produced
in the red bone
marrow.
Red marrow is
found in the flat
bones like the
sternum, ribs and
pelvis.
Wednesday 4/14/03
Pages 909-910
Connective Tissue
• Functions
– Supports other
tissues.
– Connects other
tissues
• Cells are
embedded in a
matrix.
– Matrix can be
solid or liquid.
Modern Biology
Pages 906-907
Microscopic
Structure of Bone
Modern Biology
Pages 910-911
Structure of
Whole bone
•
Bones make up 20% of
body’s mass.
•
Bones are living organs
in the human body.
•
Bones need food
oxygen, and need to
get rid of wastes.
•
Circulatory system does
this.
Modern Biology
Pages 910-911
Structure of
Whole bone
•
Bones are
surrounded by a
periosteum.
–
–
Tough protective
outer membrane
Blood supply enters
through periosteum ,
Modern Biology
Pages 910-911
Structure of
Whole bone
•
•
Compact bone
–
–
–
Dense
Strong
Primarily in shaft of
bane
Spongy bone
–
–
Many holes makes
spongy bone light
Found primarily in the
ends of the bones
Modern Biology
Pages 910-911
Compact Bone
Spongy
Bone
Microscopic
Structure of Bone
•
Bone is composed
of many Haversian
Systems.
–
At the center of each
system is a Haversian
Canal
–
Contains blood vessels
and nerve.
Modern Biology
Pages 910-911
Microscopic
Structure of Bone
Modern Biology
Pages 910-911
Microscopic
Structure of Bone
• Osteocytes
are living
bone cells.
Modern Biology
Pages 910-911
Microscopic
Structure of Bone
•
Located in rings
around the
Haversian canal
Modern Biology
Pages 910-911
Microscopic
Structure of Bone
•
Osteocytes
pump minerals
into and out of
the bone
Modern Biology
Pages 910-911
Bone Development:
Ossification
• Starts as
hyaline
cartilage.
Modern Biology
Pages 910-911
Bone Development:
Ossification
• During third
month of
development
osteocytes
move into
cartilage.
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Bone Development:
Ossification
• Osteocytes
release
minerals into
the cartilage.
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Bone Development:
Ossification
• Ossification
is the
conversion of
cartilage to
bone.
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Bone Growth
• Primary
ossification is
in shaft.
• Secondary
ossification is
in the ends of
the bone
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Bone Growth
• Growth
occurs at the
epiphyseal
plate
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Bone Growth
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Bone Growth
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Bone Growth
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
What is
Osteoporesis?
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Joint Structure
•
Human body has
three types of
joints
–
–
–
Semimovable
Fixed
Movable
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Joint Structure
•
Freely movable
joints are called
synovial joints.
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Structures of a
Synovial Joint
•
•
Freely movable
joints are called
synovial joints.
Synovial joints
are surrounded
by a synovial
capsule
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Structures of a
Synovial Joint
•
Synovial fluid is
the lubricant of
the joint.
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Structures of a
Synovial Joint
•
Synovial
joints are
lined with
hyaline
cartilage
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Structures of a
Synovial Joint
•
The bones of
the joint are
connected by
ligaments
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Structures of a
Synovial Joint
•
The bones of
the joint are
connected by
ligaments
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Synovial Joint
Examples
•
Hinge joint
–
–
Knee or elbow
Moves in a single
plane
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Synovial Joint
Examples
•
Ball and socket
joint
–
–
Largest range of
movement.
Shoulder & hip
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
What is
Arthritis?
Modern Biology
Pages 911-914
Anterior
Cruciate Tear
Human Muscular
System
SVHS Lab Biology
2003-2004
The Muscular
System
• 1/3 of the body’s
weight.
• Causes movement
of skeleton.
• Pushes materials
through the body
• Makes 2/3 of the
body’s heat
Modern Biology
Pages 917-918
Types of
Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal Muscle
–
–
–
–
–
Striated
Voluntary
Multinucleate
Fast contracting
Creates movement
of the bones.
Modern Biology
Pages 915-918
Types of
Muscle Tissue
• Striated muscle cells
have visible stripes.
• Many nuclei are along
sides of cell.
Modern Biology
Pages 915-918
Types of
Muscle Tissue
• Each muscle cell is
called a fiber.
• Many muscle cells
are grouped into a
fascicle.
• Many fascicles
make up a muscle.
Modern Biology
Pages 915-918
Types of Muscle
Tissue
• Cardiac muscle
– Involuntary
– Single nucleus
– Found in the heart
Modern Biology
Pages 915-918
Types of Muscle
Tissue
• Smooth
– Involuntary
– Single nucleus per
cell
– Spindle shaped cells
– Slow but powerful
contractions
– Found in the walls
of internal organs.
Modern Biology
Pages 915-918
Types of Muscle
Tissue
• Cardiac muscle
– Involuntary
– Single nucleus
– Found in the heart
Modern Biology
Pages 915-918
Myofibrils
• Each muscle cell
contains many
myofibrils.
Modern Biology
Pages 919-920
Myofilaments
• Each myofibril
contains many thick
protein filaments
called myosin.
• Each myofibril
contains many thin
filaments called actin.
Modern Biology
Pages 919-920
Structure of the
Sarcomere
• One contracting
unit in a myofibril
is called a
sarcomere.
• Actin connects to
Z-Lines.
• Actin and myosin
overlap
Modern Biology
Pages 919-920
Structure of the
Sarcomere
• The length of the myosin
is the A band
• The distance between
the actin is the H zone
• The distance between
the myosin is the I band
Modern Biology
Pages 919-920
Modern Biology
Pages 919-920
Muscles and Bones
Working Together
• Muscles are
attached to bone by
tendons.
• Attachment to
stationary bone is
the origin.
• Attachment to the
moving bone is the
insertion.
Modern Biology
Pages 921-922
Muscles and Bones
Working Together
• Joints are composed
of two bones and
muscles.
– Movement reducing
the angle of the joint
is flexion.
– Movement increasing
the angle of a joint is
extension.
Modern Biology
Pages 921-922
What Must Happen To
Make Muscle Contract
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Impulse reaches muscle
cell.
Impulse Moves into
transverse tubules.
Impulse reaches
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Ca++ is released.
ATP is used.
Actin & Myosin slide.
Muscle contracts
Modern Biology
Pages 921-922
Energy For Muscle
Contraction
• Muscles use ATP for
contraction.
• ATP is broken down
to ADP + P + energy.
• ATP is stored in the
muscle cell.
• ATP is produced in
the muscle cell.
Modern Biology
Pages 921-922
Sources of Energy For
Muscle Contraction
1. Stored ATP in
muscle (5-7 seconds)
2. Creatine phosphate
(10 to 12 seconds)
3. Anaerobic
respiration in
cytoplasm of muscle
cell.
4. Aerobic respiration
in mitochondria.
Modern Biology
Pages 921-922
Building Up an
Oxygen Debt
• Occurs when muscles
work at maximum
rate but do not
receive enough
oxygen.
• Anaerobic respiration
results in lactic acid.
• Lactic acid causes
fatigue.
Modern Biology
Pages 921-922