Download 2nd Semester Catalysts

Mr. Sitowski
8th Grade Science
1. List three specific resolutions
or goals you have for this 2nd
semester.
1. Describe 3 things (as specific as
possible using complete sentences) you
did over the winter break that involved
motion (movement).
 1.
A _________ is used to compare one
position to other locations.
 2. Motion is the change of _________ over
time.
 1.
The formula for speed is: Speed = ___
 2.
Speed is a measurement of how
________ an object moves.
 3.
On the distance-time graph, time is on
the _______ axis and distance is on the
_______ axis.
 1.
In order to determine the velocity of
an object, you need both the _______ and
the ________.
 2.
 3.
Velocity is an example of a ________.
An object’s speed could be
determined by the steepness, or
_________, of a line in a ________ graph.
 1.
Mary runs 2.2 miles per hour for 3.5
hours, how far did she travel?
 2.
An object is thrown and travels in the
air for 12.5 meters in 5 seconds. What is
the object’s speed?
 3.
A horse galloped 4 kilometers per
hour for 6.5 kilometers, how long did the
horse travel for?
 1.
A convenient way to show the motion
of an object is by using a(n) ________.
 2.
A speed graph has _________ on the Xaxis and ________ on the Y-axis.
 3.
An acceleration graph has ______ on
the X-axis and _______ on the Y-axis.
 1.
The formula for calculating
slope/speed is: Slope = ________.
 2. The
steeper the line, the _______ the
slope and the _________ the speed.
 3.
The __________ variable is on the Xaxis and the __________ variable is on the
Y-axis.`
 1.
In a distance-time graph, if the slope is
a steep and linear line, the speed is ____.
 2. On a velocity-time graph, if the slope
is a horizontal and linear line, it has _____
acceleration.
 3. (Show work) An object is thrown and
travels in the air for 19 meters in 2
seconds. What is the objects speed?
 1.
Why is it important to choose a frame
of reference when you observe motion?
 2.
A baby is crawling 3 meters per
minute for 15 meters, how long did the
baby travel for?
 3.
600 L = __________mL (show work!)
Show your work:
• If a horse is galloping 20 miles per hour
for 5 miles, how long did the horse
gallop for?
A
car traveling at 40 m/s slows down to
20 m/s in 5 seconds. During this time,
what is the car’s acceleration?
Acceleration = change in velocity / change
in time
A
cheetah can go from 0 m/s to 20 m/s in
2 s. What is the cheetah’s acceleration?
 Draw
a velocity-time graph that
represents this data.
 1.
A bicyclist travels at a speed of 25
kilometers per hour, for 4 hours, how far
did she travel?
 2.
If you know a car traveled 200
kilometers in 10 hours, you can find
it’s_____ .
 1.
Imagine throwing a ball straight up
into the air. Describe the ball’s
acceleration and velocity from the time
it leaves your hand until it reaches the
ground.
 Velocity
–
 Acceleration
-
1.
Give three real life examples of
deceleration (or negative
acceleration).
2.
Why is the earth accelerating?
Explain.
 1.
Micah and Will watched a skater skate
at a steady speed around an oval rink.
Micah said that the skater had no
acceleration. Will said that the skater
was accelerating. Who is right? Explain
why. Be sure to describe the skater’s
motion and velocity.
A
line graph in which the data points fall
along a straight line is called a ________.
A
line graph in which the data points do
not fall along a straight line is called a
_____.
 1.
How can a car accelerate, but be going
a constant speed?
 2.
Turn to page 21 in your text. What is
the zebra doing between 20 and 40
seconds?
 3.
Turn to page 30. Look at the top
graph. What is the student doing
between 10 and 20 seconds?
 Show
the three steps:
• A hermit crab moves 1.5 meters per hour for 4.5
meters. How long did the hermit crab travel for?
 1.
Label the linear line/relationship on
the graph.
1. How long would it take a
skateboard to travel 100 meters,
going 15 meters/sec?
 Read
through 2.1 (Pgs. 41-47) in your
textbook, then number and write
3 main ideas.
Use complete sentences.
 Please
 1.
copy down and fill in the blanks:
A force is a ________ or _______.
 2.
Three types of forces are ______,
_______, and _______.
 3.
Force is a _______ because it has both
size and ______________.
 1.
A balanced force has a net force of
____.
 2.
An unbalanced force changes the
______ of an object.
 3.
Newton’s first law says _____________
 ______________________________________
________.
 1.
A man is using a cart to move furniture
onto a truck. Why is the cart harder to
accelerate when it is loaded with
furniture than when it is empty?
 1.
Two ways to increase an object’s
acceleration are: increase _______ or
decrease ________. (hint: pg. 49 & 50)
 2.
The direction of friction is _________ to
the direction of net force.
 3.
Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion says _____
_______________________________.
 Use
the triangle formula given, write the
formula for each variable below:
 Force
=
 Mass
=
 Acceleration
F
a
=
m
 1.
What is the net force on an object
which has a force of 10 Newtons pushing
it to the south and 5 Newtons pulling it
south?
 2.
Balanced forces on an object, means
that the object has a net force of _____.
 1.
What is the force that one surface
exerts on another when the two rub
against one another?
 2.
An unbalanced force on an object
causes it to _____________.
1. If the same force is applied to
two objects with different masses,
how will the objects accelerate?
Include the terms inertia and mass
in your answer.
 You
see a motionless book on your table,
draw a diagram and label the forces.
 Are
the forces balanced?
 Describe
the forces acting on the book.
 1.
What symbol is typically used to
represent force?
 2.
What is the standard unit of force?
1. As Ted drags a couch across the floor,
he feels the couch “pull back” on him. Is
this an examples of action/reaction forces
or balanced forces? Which object is each
force working on?
1. An in-line skater wants to use Newton’s
laws to explain and predict her motion.
Which law is demonstrated when the
skater pushes against the wall and finds
herself moving? In which direction is she
most likely to be moving? Use a labeled
sketch if you wish to explain the motion
produced. Be sure to use the terms
Newton’s 3rd Law, action forces, and reaction
forces.
 1.
Explain why a satellite in orbit around
Earth does not crash into Earth.
(Hint: Look in Ch. 3)
 1.
Explain what ‘elastic force’ is. How are
you going to use elastic force to power
your Newton scooter? Draw a diagram if
you like.
 (Look
in 3.2)
 1.
Use your book (or mind) to write a
sentence that relates the following word
pairs:
Gravity / Weight
Gravity / Orbit
Tension / Elastic Force
 1.
An object with a mass of 60 Kg is
pulled with a force of 5000 Newtons, how
fast will the object accelerate?
 2.
In your own words, or in abbreviated
form try and write Newton’s three laws in
order.
TRACK DAY!!!
 1. Use
your book (or mind) to write a
sentence that relates the following word
pairs:
Compression / Tension
Surface / Friction
Force / Friction
 What
two factors affect the strength of
gravitational attraction? (3.1)
 Draw
a box and label it with 4 vectors for
force so that the box is accelerating to
the left.
 1.
A 40 N lamp is suspended from the
ceiling by a chain. Identify and describe
the two forces that are acting on the
suspended lamp. If the lamp is not
moving, what can you conclude about the
strength of the force on the chain?
 1.
How does air resistance affect the
velocity of a falling object?
1.
2.
3.
How is the force of friction between
surfaces similar to the force of air
resistance?
How are these forces different?
Describe in what way each force
acts and what affects the strength of
each force.
 1.
Robin is pushing an empty plastic bin
across the floor at a steady speed. If Robin fills
the bin with paper, predict how her force on the
full bin will compare with her force on the
empty bin if she pushes the full bin at the same
steady speed. Explain your prediction.
Describe how the forces on the recycling bin
will change.
(Be sure to use the concepts of friction and mass in your explanation.)
1. What purpose do rockets serve today?
In what ways have rockets been in the
news lately?
1.
Use your book to define the following
terms:
A. Volume
B. Density
1. What are the sources of friction for your
rocket?
2. How can you minimize these sources?
1.
Enter the following data for your 1st
rocket, and the table for your 2nd.
Mass (g)
29.1
Distance (m)
Time (s)
Varied by Class
Mass (g)
Distance (m)
Varied by Class
Time (s)
Speed (m/s)
Varied by Class
Speed (m/s)
1. Try and create a rhyme that defines or
uses the word “density” in context.
 How
do you find the volume of an
irregular object?
 What
is the volume of a box with the
following dimensions?
Length = 20 cm
Width = 40 cm
Height = 30 cm
1. Explain how and why the pressure felt
by a deep-sea diver changes as the diver
goes deeper into the water. Include terms
force, fluid, and pressure in your answer.
 1.
Inertia is the ___________ of an object
to change its motion.
 2.
Newton’s first law is also called the law
of ______________.
 3.
Inertia is closely related to ________.
1. A paperclip has a mass of 0.5 g. Its
volume is 0.1 cm3. What is the paperclip’s
density?
1. Define “buoyant force”. What are some
common situations where you could
observe this force?
 1.
Which pure element is more dense,
iron (Fe), or ruthenium (Ru)?
 2.
Substance “X” has a density of 0.873
g/mL. WILL IT FLOAT (in water)!
 1.
A piece of wood that measures 3.0 cm
by 6.0 cm by 4.0 cm has a mass of 80.0
grams.
 A.
 B.
What is the density of the wood?
Would the piece of wood float in
water?
 1.
Find ‘Archimedes Principle’ in your
textbook. Restate his principle in
simpler language.
1.
A child in a bathtub plays with two toys.
One toy sinks in the water, and the other
floats. Explain what this observation
tells you about the two toys. Describe
the forces acting on each toy. Use the
terms buoyant force, weight, density,
and gravity in your answer.
1. Explain a scenario where the following
forces are illustrated: Gravity, friction,
compression, and tension.
1. I wish my teacher knew that…
1. Why do you think school is important?
Why is science important? Why should
you learn something you might not use in
the future?
 1.
Look on page 376/377. Briefly explain
how the earth fits into the solar system,
galaxy, and universe.
1. Turn to page R22 in the back of your
text. What is the difference between
accuracy and precision (consistency)?
1. How many protons, neutrons, and
electrons does Ar-41 have?
 1.
What causes a lunar eclipse?
 2.
What causes a solar eclipse?
 1.
Give the symbol for two transition
metals:
 2.
Give the element name for two
alkaline earth metals:
 3.
Write the symbol for two elements in
the same period as lead.
 1.
Turn to page 368 in your textbook and
read the section “Danger From the Sky”.
Simply write down a few things you found
interesting about the article.
 CSTs, no
catalyst.
 CSTs, no
catalyst.
1. How does Earth’s rotation affect our
view of the stars.
2. What causes day and night?
1. What was the most difficult question on
the state test you just took? What subject
did it cover?
1. Describe Earth’s rotation and revolution.
2. What is the difference between an
equinox and a solstice?
1. Last question on quiz.
 By
what movements do we mark the
following times?:
• Days
• Weeks
• Months
• Years
1. List the planets of our solar system in
order. What is a good way to
 1.
Imagine you are trying to become an
astronaut, what kinds of things would you
need to practice now - to be a good
astronaut?
1. What is an eclipse? What is the
difference between a lunar eclipse and a
solar eclipse? Draw a diagram of each.
1. What was being tested with your rocket
project? Name one of Newton’s laws and
how it was illustrated with your rocket.
1. Read pages 131 and 132 in your
textbook. Write down two interesting
things about different fuels.
1. Find page CA20 in the beginning of
your textbook. What are the four habits
that make a good scientist? Do you have
any of these characteristics?
1. Draw a diagram of your rocket as it is
taking off and as it flies through the air.
Label as many forces as you remember on
both.
 Density
is equal to mass divided by
volume. What is the mass of 6.3 mL of a
liquid that has a density of 2.1 g/mL?
 An
ice cube measuring 5.8 cm by 5.8 cm
by 5.8 cm has a density of 0.917 g/cubic
centimeter. What is its mass?
 1.
The density of aluminum is 2.70 g/mL.
If the mass of a piece of aluminum is 244
grams, what is the volume of the
aluminum?
 1. Mass
= 100 grams, volume = 20 cc,
Density = ? Will it sink or float?
 2.
Mass = 8 grams, volume = 10 mL,
density = ? Will it float?
 What
modification would you like to
make to your rocket? What scientific
principle would be affected with that
modification?
 1.
A liquid has a mass of 25 grams and a
volume of 2mL. What is its density?
 2.
A piece of metal has a density of 6.5
g/mL, and a volume of 4.6 cm3. What is
its mass?
A
1.0 Kg brick has a volume of 200 mL.
What is its density?
 Will
it float?
 Draw
a simple picture of a boat in the
water. What force keeps the boat afloat?
Which direction does the buoyant force
act?
 1.
What is the pressure on a 2 m2 surface
that experiences 4 N of force?
P
= F/A
 Copy
Down: The atom is a basic unit of
matter that consists of a dense central nucleus
surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged
electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix
of positively charged protons and electrically
neutral neutrons (except in the case of
hydrogen-1, which is the only stable nuclide
with no neutrons)
 1.
Write one thing you know about each
of the eight planets in our solar system.
 1.
What is one of your favorite planets in
our solar system? (you must pick one).
 2.
Write three (or more) thing about the
planet in your notebook.
 3.
Use your textbook and give p.p.s #’s
for at least one of your facts.
 1.
What is the difference between the
following:
• A. Asteroids
• B.
Comets
• C. Meteors
• D. Meteorites
(Hint: Start on page 437)
 1.
What is an Astronomical Unit? How do
many scientists believe the solar system
formed?
 1.
Describe at least four ways in which
Venus and Earth are similar.
 1.
Giant planets in the solar system
appear to have smooth surfaces. Explain
whether sunlight reflects off land, oceans,
or something else.
 1.
Which of the gas giants have moons?
Which planet is smaller than some of the
solar system’s moons?
A
model rocket is accelerating at 2 m/s2.
The force on it is 1 N. What is the mass of
the rocket?
 1.
What is something you are looking
forward to in high school?
 2.
What is something you are not looking
forward to?
 1.
Astronauts died during the
development of space flight. Millions
were spent on developing the technology
to land on the moon. With so many poor
and hurting people on earth – was it
worth it?
 1.
In Apollo 13, shortly after take-off, the
astronauts were experiencing
“weightlessness”. Did they get far
enough that gravity didn’t effect them?
How does that work?
 1.
Put yourself in the shoes of one of the
astronauts on Apollo 13 – what has
become their most important mission? In
a dangerous situation – what do you think
would become most important in life?