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Climate
Weather
 Weather: conditions of our _________________ over a _________________ period of time
 _________________ conditions
 Rain, snow, sun, cloudy
Climate
 Climate: conditions of our _________________ over a ______________ period of time
 _________________, _________________
 Average _________________ precipitation
List some examples of how both weather & climate affect our lives
Canada’s Climate
 Canada extends for a great distance
______________ to _________________
 Different _________________ produce
different climate conditions
 ____________ regions have different
climates from _______________ regions
 _________________ & _________________
systems _________________ weather
conditions from one part of the
country to another
Fig 11 - 2
Factors Affecting Climate
Day vs. Night
 Earth _________ on it’s
__________ (___ hours).
o Results in ______
and ________
Seasons
 Earth _________________ around the _________________ (orbits ________ days).
o Results in _________________
Cloud Cover
 Nightly cloud cover will result in less temperature _________________ (like a ________)
 Without cloud cover, heat _________________ (at __________), but temperature range is
very _________________ (hot _______, cold ____________…the desert)
Differences in Day Length
 The ___________ of the earth’s axis combined with the earth’s ___________ in orbit
around the sun results in different day ___________. The difference?
o In June: because of the tilt on the earth's axis, the ___________ points
___________ the sun and receives more hours of ___________ to the sun hence
giving it ___________ days.
o In December: because of the tilt on the earth's axis, the ___________ points
___________ from the sun and receives ___________ hours of exposure to the
sun hence giving it ___________ days.
Seasons
 The ___________ on the earth's axis and;
 The ___________ of the earth around the sun
o These two features of the earth-sun _______________ mean that different
___________ on earth receive different _____________ of light at different times.
Equinox and Solstice
 Solstice:
o sun is directly over head @ _______________ on ____________ North or South;
o occurs _______________ & _______________
o _______________ day of the year & _______________ day of the year.
 Equinox:
o sun is directly over head @ _______________ on the_______________;
o occurs _______________ & _______________
o _______________ length of night and day _______________ on earth.
Tropics vs. The Poles
 The _______________ are located between _______________ north and _______________
south (_______________ and _______________)
 The _______________ you move away from the tropics the more _______________ the
seasons.
 The _______________ of day varies more the _______________ you move from the
_______________.
 When _______________ hits the earth towards the poles it is on a severe
_______________ which _______________ the _______________ of heat.
Greenhouse Effect
 The Greenhouse effect is the _______________ process by which the Earth’s
Atmosphere _______________ heat for a period of time, allowing it to stay at a relatively
_______________ temperature worldwide (_______________)





A good thing?
In _______________ of course; it moderates our _______________
Without we would have extreme __________ of temperatures between____ and _______
_______________ reflects and absorbs about ________ of radiant energy
Without atmosphere, planets have nothing to hold __________ in (like the glass in a
greenhouse… consequently the _______________ are not as _______________)
Greenhouse Gases
• Greenhouse gases are gases in the Earth’s atmosphere which store _______________
energy for a period of time causing the _______________ effect.
• The most common greenhouse gases are:
– _______________
– _______________
– _______________
– _______________
– _______________
The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
• This is an _______________, _______________
influenced phenomena whereby human
activities cause an ___________ in the amount
of greenhouse ___________ in our atmosphere
• This causes the atmosphere to ____________
more thermal energy than it __________ would
• This leads to an increase in the ____________
within our ____________ = GLOBAL WARMING
AND SUBSEQUENT CLIMATE CHANGE
Human Activities Leading to the Enhanced Greenhouse Effect
 The major human contribution to global warming is carbon dioxide _______________
 Anytime we _______________ a _______________ to release _______________ we
_______________ carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
Fossil Fuels
 Fossil fuels are fuels humans _______________ to generate _______________ which
contain carbon
 Common fossil fuels
– _______________
– _______________
– _______________
– _______________
Latitude and Temperature
 The _______________ we get to the _______________, the _______________ it gets
 “The further south one goes the warmer it gets” (_________). Once we went far enough
south to go past the equator the temperatures would start getting ___________ again.
 As latitude _______________, temperature _______________
Other Factors
 Prevailing _______________
o Regular, _______________, normal wind _______________. They are caused by
global _______________ cells in the earth's atmosphere.
 Ocean _______________
o The biggest factor besides the _______________. If the water is warm, the
temperatures will be more moderate.
 Altitude
o the _______________ the altitude, the _______________ it will be.
o Rate is about _______________ per _______________
Altitude
Wind
 Winds _______________ from _______________ pressure to _______________ pressure
 Any real examples of this at work?
 Air inside a _______________. If left untied the air will _______________ the high
pressure of the balloon and create a wind blowing from high pressure
(_______________ the balloon) to relatively low pressure (_______________ the balloon).
 High and low pressures in the earth’s _______________ are responsible for ___________.
High vs. Low Pressure
 Low Pressure:
o Usually a result of “_______________”
 High Pressure:
o Usually a result of “_______________”
Sea Breeze/Land Breeze
 What heats faster; land or water?
 When do things warm or cool over the course of 24 hours?
o During the ________ the _________ heats much faster than the __________;
 Consequently the air over the land heats and ___________ (_________
pressure) while the air pressure over the water/sea is relatively
_________;
o Wind blows from the _______ pressure to the _________ pressure
 Hence the name _______ breeze'—the wind is blowing ______ the sea.
Convection Cells
 The global _______________ cells are created because of the _______________ heating of
the earth's _______________.
 _______________ high and low pressure ____________ result from the convection cells.
The results?
 Every _______________ in the world is found at a _______________ latitude
 Every _______________ of the world is found at a _______________ latitude.
 Coincidence?
Rain
 Three types of rainfall:
1. _______________ Rain
2. _______________
3. _______________ / _______________ Rain
Rain




_______________ air rises
warm _______________ -laden air _______________ at higher altitude
cool air holds _______________ moisture;
consequently clouds _______________ and rain _______________.
Relief Rainfall
 Moisture laden air blows off the _______________;
 Air is forced up by _______________ (high _______________)
 Most rain falls on the _______________ side of the relief
 ___________ side is often in a dry rain shadow because the moisture has all been ____.
Convectional Rainfall
 Usually occurs in _________ areas like _______________ or _______________ summer
(_______________ thunderstorms)
 sun heats the _______________ causing large amounts of water to _______________
Frontal / Cyclonic Rainfall
 _______________ moist air meets _______________ air
 Warm air is less _______________ & is forced _____ over the _______________, more
_______________ air
 Then What?
 _______________ /_______________ /some _______________ Winnipeg rains
Ocean Currents
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
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Permanent horizontal _______________ of _______________ water (the top ________m)
It is _______________ cold or warm, when compared with the _______________ water
Analogy:
Sun=_______
of climate
Ocean
Currents=_____
of climate
Where do they go?
 Where would
you expect _____
currents to start
from?
 Where would
you expect _____
currents to start
from?
 How do currents
create _________
in the world?
Warm and Cold Currents
 _______________ ocean currents: move water towards the _______________.
o For example the Humbolt or Peru Current carries cold water from __________
toward the equator.
o Another example is the Labrador Current which carries _______________
water from the _______________ Ocean.
 Warm ocean currents: Move water away from warm _______________ regions.
o For example the Gulf Stream moves warm water from the Gulf of
_______________ northeast toward _______________.
o Another good example is the Japanese current which moves warm water
from _______________ northeast towards _______________.
Ocean Currents & the Effect on Climate
 Affect of cold ocean currents
o _______________ the _______________ temperature;
o Reduces _______________; cooler air holds less _______________.
 Affect of warm ocean currents
o _______________ the _______________ temperature;
o Increases _______________; warmer air holds _______________ moisture.
o El Nino
Continentality
 Temperature ___________ : the difference between the ___________ and the ___________
average monthly temperatures of a ___________.
o What helps creates this range in this case?
 Proximity to ___________ (or larger body of ___________)
o Large or high temperature ___________: ___________ of temperature, hot
___________, cold ___________ (Winnipeg).
o Small or ___________ temperature range: ___________ temperature,
___________ summer, ___________ winter (Victoria)
Continental vs. Maritime Climates
 As ___________ from the ocean increases, annual _______________ range increases.
 Continental climates experience greater ___________ of temperature than coastal
climates at the same ___________.
o The ___________ region of Saskatchewan, for example, experience a
___________ climate. The winter temperatures are very cold, and the summer
temperatures are fairly hot. Range could be from ____________________
o Close to the ___________, Victoria experiences a much more ___________
climate. Range is from: ___________ . Not too cold, but at the same time,
not too hot in the summer.
Climate Graphs
 Give us a ___________ climate ___________ of a given place
 ___________________ will always be shown with a ___________ graph
 ___________________ will always be shown with ___________ graphs
Maritime
Scotland…
Continental
Winnipeg…
Tropical Climates
 All Tropical Climates have ___________ temperatures over ___________ every day
 All Tropical climates can be divided into:
a) Tropical ___________
b) Tropical __________________
 Almost all of the tropical wet / wet & dry climates are located between the
_________________________ and the _________________________ (23.5˚ N and S).
Tropical Wet Climate
 Tropical Wet: heavy _________ all year due to hot temp & resulting _____________ rain.
Tropical Wet and Dry Climate
 Tropical Wet & Dry: very heavy ___________ rain & very ___________ winter due to
seasonal shift in ___________ winds. (monsoon regions)
Dry Climates
 All Dry climates receive less than ___________ of precipitation annually.
 Dry Climates can be divided into:
a) ___________
b) ___________
 more __________________ than __________________ = water ___________.
 There is little ___________ & it is often ___________
Arid or Desert Climates
 Arid Climates: occur mostly between ___________ & ___________ and receive
___________ rain annually.
Semi-Arid Climate
 Semi-arid Climates: are ___________ zones between ________ & _________. They receive
___________ rain annually which is often enough to support ________ but not forests.
Temperate Climates
 Usually in ___________ latitudes (above 30˚ N and S)
 Temperate Climates can be divided into:
a)Temperate ___________ Climates occur in both ___________
b)Temperate ___________ Climates only occur in the ___________ Hemisphere.
(Winnipeg)
 The distinguishing feature on a climate graph is the ___________ line (yearly average
Temp.)
Temperate Climates
 Temperate Mild Winter
o Temperature varies with ___________
o ___________ Latitudes
o ___________ winter
o ___________ temperatures vary but winters are warmer than ___________

Temperate Cold Winter
o Temperature varies with ___________
o ___________ Latitudes
o ___________ winters
o Summer temperatures ___________ but winters are colder than ___________
Temperate Climate
Polar Climates
 Polar climates are distinguished by their extremely low ___________ temperatures and
low ___________ temperatures.
 Polar Climates can be divided into:
 ___________: summer temperature never above ___________
 ___________: summer's average monthly temperature is never above ___________
Monsoons
 A sudden ___________ season in the tropics. Notice the difference between the annual
rainfall of some “rainy” places directly influenced by monsoons
India’s Monsoons
India’s Winter Monsoon
 Continental ___________ cools & ___________ atmospheric pressure results;
 Wind blows ___________ towards the ___________ pressure over ___________ ocean;
 Very little ___________ or dry season results because the wind is blowing over dry land
and does not pick up ___________.
India’s Summer Monsoon
 Continental Asia ___________ up & ___________ atmospheric pressure results;
 Wind blows ___________ towards the ___________ pressure over ___________;
 Tremendous ___________ result because the wind is blowing over the ___________
Indian Ocean.
Effect on People
 ___________ in the tropics is very important. During monsoons, travel is not
___________, even ___________ in some cases (Malaysia’s East Coast)
 Severe ___________
 ___________ suffers (fishing, tourism, etc.)
Weather Vocabulary
Weather: combination of temperature, precipitation, cloud cover and winds experienced
daily
Climate: temperature, precipitation, and conditions of a place averaged over a long period
of time
Average Annual Temperature: monthly average temperature added together and divided
by 12
Continental Climate: climate type that develops away from the influence of the ocean with
a large annual temperature range and low precipitation
Temperature Range: subtraction of coldest average monthly temperature from warmest
average monthly temperature
Maritime Climate: climate type that is strongly influenced by the closeness of an ocean or
large water body and has a small annual temperature range and lots of precipitation
Jet Stream: west to east movement of air in the mid-latitude flowing at speeds of 400 km/h at
an altitude between 8,000-15,000 m
Relief Precipitation: precipitation created when an air mass rises to cross a mountain barrier.
Also called orographic precipitation.
Convectional Precipitation: precipitation caused on hot summer days when heated land
causes the air above it to rise. As the air rises, it cools and creates condensation.
Cyclonic Precipitation: precipitation caused when a warm, moist air mass is forced to rise by
a cool, dry air mass. Also called frontal precipitation.
Front: leading edge of an air mass
Leeward: side of a mountain range that faces away from the prevailing wind
Warm Front: boundary between a cold air mass and an advancing warm air mass
Cold Front: boundary between a warm air mass and an advancing cold air mass
Rain Shadow: area on the side of a mountain range with very little precipitation occurs
because evaporation is greater than condensation
Windward: the side of a mountain range that faces the prevailing wind
Air Mass: is a volume of air defined by its temperature and water vapor content
World Climate Change
Go to the following website: http://www.cbc.ca/news/interactives/gmaps/climate-change/
On the interactive map, you will see snapshots of the world. Scan through the snapshots, and gather
information to help answer the following:
Animal Life Threatened.
Choose a variety of animal life from various places on the globe to answer the following. What are some of the
animals of the world that are threatened by global warming? How are each threatened? What can be done if
anything to help save them from further threat?
1.___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________
2.___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________
Plant Life Threatened.
Choose a variety of plant life from various places to answer the following. What are some of the plant species
of the world that are threatened by global warming? How are each threatened? What can be done if anything to
help save them from further threat?
1.___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________
2.___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________
Climatic Conditions
From a variety of places, choose 3 climatic conditions (floods, droughts, rising seas, etc) to explain. What is the
threat? What could be the consequences if humans continue to live in these places?
1.___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2.___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________
3.___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________
4.___________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________
From all the snapshots that you have viewed, what is most surprising? Why? What do you think people can do
to help solve that particular issue?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________
Weather & Climate: Factors Affecting Climate
1. List four factors that affect the climate of any given region.
a. ____________________________________
b. ____________________________________
c. ____________________________________
d. ____________________________________
2. Latitude measures __________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
3. Areas that are closer to the North and South Poles are __________________ than areas around the
equator because ________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________.
4. Elevation is best defined as ___________________________________________.
5. When elevation increases, the temperature ____________________________.
6. If the ocean current is cold, the air above it will ___________________________
7. If the ocean current is warm, the air above it will _______________________
8. Name the two main ocean currents that affect Canada’s east coast.
a. ____________________________________
b. ____________________________________
9. The _______________ __________________ flows south from the Arctic and brings
_______________ temperatures to the Atlantic Coast.
10 The _____________ __________________ flows north from the equator and brings
________________ temperatures to the Atlantic Coast.
11. When these two ocean currents meet, _________ forms over the ocean and coastal areas.
12. In Canada, we experience either a continental or a maritime climate depending on the region in which
we live. Closeness to oceans and large bodies of water influences the climate of a given area. Complete
the following sentences using The Moderating Effect of Water paragraph located on page 125 of your
textbook.
________________ and large lakes ______________ and ___________________ more slowly than land
masses. In summer, a body of water ____________________
____________________________________. This keeps the surrounding countryside ______________
than if the water body was not present. In winter, bodies of water retain their heat and
______________________________________
__________________. Because of this, winds blowing off the water _____________ the surrounding
countryside.
Based on the information contained above, we can state that maritime locations near a large body of
water, _________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
13. Canada’s weather and climate are affected by air masses and ocean currents. Complete the following
table using the information contained in Fig 11-7 on page 125. An example is provided for you to use as a
guide.
Label
Interpretation
Where Formed
Characteristics
cA
continental
Arctic
Over land and frozen
water in Canada’s Arctic
Very cold and dry
mT
mP
cT
14. As mentioned earlier, our climate comes in two main forms: Continental and Maritime. Summarize the
main differences between these two types of climate using the information contained in Fig 11-8 on page
126.
a. Continental Climate Summary
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
b. Maritime Climate Summary
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
Potential Effects of Global Warming on the World & Canada
Global Warming Effects
A. Rising
Sea Levels
(perhaps by 1m)
B. Increases in
Precipitation
C. Forest Damage
E. Melting Glaciers
Potential World Impact
Potential Canadian Impact
F. Changing
Agricultural
Patterns
G. Weather Refugees
Unit Test Review
Climate
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
How long does it take the earth to make one rotation on its axis?
How long does it take for the earth to make one revolution around the sun?
At what time of day are we rotating away from the sun to the east.
At what time of day are we rotating towards the sun from the west.
Does cloud cover increase or decrease the range of temperature from day to night?
Explain
6. There are two reasons why the days are longer in summer and shorter in the winter. What
are they?
7. What causes day & night?
8. The time of year when there is equal day and night all over the earth.
9. The time of year when the northern hemisphere experiences its longest day of the year.
10.The time of year when the northern hemisphere experiences its shortest day of the year.
11.The earth sun relationship that occurs on Sept. 21.
12.The earth sun relationship that occurs on Dec. 21.
13.The earth sun relationship that occurs March 21.
14.The earth sun relationship that occurs on June 21.
15.What is the latitude of the tropic of cancer?
16.What is the latitude of the tropic of Capricorn?
17.Two reasons for warmer temperatures in summer.
18.Two reasons why seasons occur.
19.What season is it in Canada when it is spring in South Africa?
20.What season is it in Argentina when it is winter in Norway?
21.What season is it in Greenland when it is Fall in India?
22.What season is it in Mexico when it is summer in south Australia?
23.As Latitude increases what happens to temperature?
24.The Poles of the earth are colder than the equatorial regions because of the earth's
_________________ Shape.
25.What causes wind to blow?
26.
What causes winds to be deflected from a straight path?
27.
What causes the development of global convection cells and pressure
belts.
28.Winds that normally blow in a region are referred to as _?_.
29.When do sea breezes occur?
30.When hot air rises what type of pressure is created?
31.What is a Permanent or semi-permanent horizontal movement of surface water (the top
100m).
32.Which type of ocean currents flow from the equator toward the poles.
33.Which type of ocean currents flow from the polar regions toward the equatorial regions.
34.Which type of ocean currents reduce the amount of precipitation a region receives?
35.Do Warm ocean currents affect the summer or winter temperatures more?
36.
Which type of current is the Peru current?
37.
Which type of current is the Japanese current?
38.
Sudden wet season in the tropics is known as?
39.
During India's winter monsoon why does the High pressure develop over
Asia/India?
40.
During India's winter monsoon how much precipitation do they receive?
41.
During India's winter monsoon why does the Indian ocean really "cool" off
to create the low pressure?
42.
During India's summer monsoon why does the low pressure develop over
Asia/India?
43.
During India's summer monsoon how much precipitation do they receive?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What term refers to the height above sea-level?
The side of the mountain hit by wind.
The side of the mountain away from the wind?
Which side of a mountain range receives most rain?
What term is used to describe the leeward side of a mountain range?
Relief has an affect on precipitation mostly as it relates to relief rain. Consequently it must
be accompanied by _?_.
7. All Tropical Climates have average temperatures over _?_ ºC every day due to low
latitude & warm ocean currents & prevailing winds.
8. On the climate graph for a tropical climate of any sort, the _?_ is almost flat because of
the constant warm temperatures.
9. The type of climate represented in this climate graph occurs between which latitudes ?
10.The bars on this climate graph represent_?_.
11.The line on this climate graph represent _?_.
12.The temperature on this climate graph is measured in which units?
13.The most distinguishing feature of an arid or semi-arid climate graph is _?_.
14.Most arid/desert climates occur between which latitudes?
15.Which type of climate might you expect in the grasslands of Asia?
16.Which type of climate might you expect in the monsoon region of India?
17.Which type of climate might you expect in the lush rainforest portion of Brazil?
18.How much annual precipitation does an arid climate receive?
19.How much annual precipitation does a semi-arid climate receive?
20.Which type of climate is depicted in this climate graph?
21.What two features distinguish it?
22.What latitude would your expect to find a region that had this climate?
23.Would you expect to find this in both hemispheres?
24.What type of climate is depicted in this climate graph?
25.What distinguishes it from the climate above?
26.Why do you think there is less precipitation?
Long Answers
1. Briefly describe 3 impacts that global warming will have on Canada.
2. What are three actions Canadian cities can take to brace for global warming?
3. What did you notice about the emissions of the 12 countries (USA, China,
etc…computer lab activity). What does this say about the levels coming out of
certain countries? Is it fair? Explain.
OR, What were some ways scientists claimed that we could stop global warming
with “new” ideas? (video: playing god with planet earth)
4. Describe and explain the effect that water has on climate.
5. How does rain fall? Explain with reference to all types of rain that we looked at and
provide the characteristics of each.
6. What are the major differences between a continental and coastal climate?
7. What are the big 4 (in terms of climate?). Explain how each has an influence on the
climate of a given area.