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Apposition and Review of the Predicate Predicates 1. Definition – a. “English Class”: one of the two main constituents of a sentence or clause, modifying the subject and including the verb, objects, or phrases governed by the verb b. “Latin Class”: a noun or adjective used to define or describe a subject after a linking verb or a direct object after a verb of naming or making. 2. Types of Predicates in Latin: a. Predicate Nominative – a noun (or adjective) used with a linking verb to define or make a statement about the subject i. common linking verbs: 1. **sum, esse, fuī, futūrus – to be** 2. passive voice of verbs of naming, making, including the irregular passive of faciō, facere (i.e. fiō, fiērī, factus sum – to become, be made) 3. passive of videō, vidēre, vīdī, vīsum (as passive, translated “seem” or “__ seen as”) ii. examples: (predicate underlined) 1. meī magistrī sunt stultī. 2. agricola vir bonus fuit. 3. Caesar ā senātōribus dictātor creātus est. 4. puer saepe appellābātur parvus. i Apposition and Review of the Predicate 5. tuus magister irātus vidētur. b. Predicate Accusative – a noun (or adjective) following the direct object of a verb of making / naming i. common verbs of making or naming: 1. appellō, appellāre, appellāvī, appellātum – to name, call 2. vōcō, vōcāre, vōcāvī, vōcātum – to call 3. creō, creāre, creāvī, creātum – to create, to elect, appoint 4. faciō, facere, fēcī, factum – to make ii. examples: (predicate underlined) 1. meus magister mē irātam semper facit! 2. senātus populusque Rōmānus Cicerōnem patrem patriae nōmināvērunt. 3. mea mater prīmum fīlium Lūcium appellāverat sed secundum Mārcum. 4. tēne laetum facere possum? 5. nōlī mē obēsum vōcāre! ii Apposition and Review of the Predicate Appositives 1. Definition: a. “English class”: i. “Not-so-clear”: A construction in which a noun or noun phrase is placed with another as an explanatory equivalent, both having the same syntactic relation to the other elements in the sentence. ii. “Even-less-clear”: A syntactic relation between expressions, usually consecutive, that have the same function and the same relation to other elements in the sentence, the second expression. b. “Latin Class”: a noun used to describe another antecedent noun, both in the same case i. antecedent = “preceding, prior” ii. the second noun “explains” the first 2. Terminology and Etymology: a. “Apposition” derives from ad + ponere i. ponō, ponere, posuī, positum – to place or put ii. ad, prep. – near, at, towards b. An “appositive” is a word that is “put near” the word it is defining c. A noun that renames another preceding noun is “in apposition” to that noun. d. A noun that renames another preceding noun is that preceding noun’s “appositive.” iii Apposition and Review of the Predicate 3. Apposition v. Predication a. Predicate Nominatives require a linking verb, but appositive’s don’t i. “Mr. Chang smells funny.” – predicate nominative after linking verb “smells” ii. “Mr. Chang, a funny teacher, teaches my class.” - an appositive noun phrase explaining “Mr. Chang”, i.e. “a funny teacher” is in apposition to “Mr. Chang” b. Predicate Accusatives depend on a verb of naming or making, representing what the direct object is “made into” or “named as”, while appositives are for anything else. i. “This class leaves me happy.” – predicate accusative after verb of making “leaves” ii. “Mr. Chang teaches me, a happy kid.” – appositive noun phrase explaining “me”, i.e. “a happy kid” is in apposition to the antecedent pronoun “me”. c. Predicates are either nominative or accusative, but an appositive can rename a word in any case i. “Give my pet James a treat to eat.” ii. “I live with Vanessa, my wife.” iii. “I inherited the facial bone-structure of Dr. Chang, my father.” iv. “Win one for the ole’ teach, Mr. Chang.” iv Apposition and Review of the Predicate d. In English, predicates never use commas, while appositives often need commas i. “The students are restless.” ii. “I dare not enter the classroom, den of restless students, without a personal safari-guide and a Sherpa.” v Apposition and Review of the Predicate Examples: 1. magister discipulōs Latīnam linguam discere amābat. 2. Euripidēs Medeam, claram fābulam, scrīpsit. 3. doceō vōs omnēs Latīnam linguam. 4. mea mater ad forum cum Vanessā, mea uxōre, īvit. 5. monstrāte celeriter Marcō et Iuliae, nostrīs amīcīs, brevem viam ē montibus, o mīlitēs! 6. Ceres, dea frūmentī, per omnēs terrās fīliam Proserpinam diū quaerēbat. 7. mea uxor, meae lūx vītae, est pulchra et benigna et patiens. vi Apposition and Review of the Predicate 8. ōlim in Hispānia, patriā in Eurōpā, habitāverāmus. 9. nostrī parentēs multa dōna bona fīlābus, Annae Iūliaeque, dedērunt. 10. Romulus, prīmus rēx Rōmānus, ob imperiī cupiditātem frātrem Remum ōlim necāverat. vii