Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Chemistry for Earth Systems Notes Matter is anything that has . All matter is made of substances called down into simpler substances by physical or chemical means. , which is a substance that cannot be broken Elements are made up of All atoms consist of even smaller particles—protons, neutrons, and electrons. The center of an atom is called , which is made up of A proton is a tiny particle that has mass and a electric charge. A neutron is a tiny particle with approximately the same mass as a proton, but it has Surrounding the nucleus of an atom are , smaller particles that are in constant motion. An electron has little mass, but it has a magnitude as the positive charge of a proton. electric charge that is exactly the same Periodic Table The periodic table of the elements is arranged so that a great deal of information about all of the known elements is provided in a small space. Generally, each element is identified by a one-, two-, or three-letter abbreviation known as a All elements are classified and arranged according to their table of the elements. in the periodic The number of protons in an atom’s nucleus is its . The sum of the protons and the neutrons in an atom’s nucleus is its Draw the diagram from the PowerPoint of the element chlorine to illustrate how atomic numbers and atomic mass are listed in the periodic table of the elements. All atoms of an element have the same number of However, the number of neutrons of an element’s atoms can vary. . Atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers are called Isotopes The element. of an element is the average of the mass numbers of the isotopes of an . is the spontaneous process through which unstable nuclei emit radiation. In the process of radioactive decay, a nucleus can lose neutron, or change a neutron to a proton. , change a proton to a Because the number of protons in a nucleus identity of an element. , decay can change the Ions An atom that net electric charge and is called an Positive ions - Negative ions - one or more electrons from its outermost energy level has a . Element Abundance Most abundant elements in universe (1) (2) Most abundant elements in Earth’s crust (1) (2) Compounds A compound is a substance that is composed of atoms of Compounds have properties from the elements of which they are composed. Compounds are represented by chemical formulas that include the symbol for each element followed by a subscript number showing the number of atoms of that element in the compound. Examples: A state of stability is achieved by some elements by forming chemical bonds. A is the force that holds together the elements in a compound. Three types of bonds o o o covalent – ionic – metallic – Chemical Reaction The change of one or more compounds into other compounds is called a Chemical reactions are described by chemical equations Write the chemical equation example: Mixtures A mixture is a combination of that retain their identities. When a mixture’s components are easily recognizable, it is called a mixture. In a homogeneous mixture, also called a , the component particles cannot be distinguished, even though they still retain their original properties. A solution can be . States of Matter Solids are substances with molecules. , which can be ions, atoms, or Most solids are regular geometric patterns, giving solids definite shape and volume. because the particles of a solid are arranged in When thermal vibrations become vigorous enough to break the forces holding the solid together, the particles can slide past each other, and the substance becomes . Liquids take the they are placed in, but they do have a . This process of change from a liquid to a at temperatures below the boiling point is called Gases, like liquids, have no definite shape. Gases also have no restrained by a container or a force such as gravity. Draw the chart of the Phase Changes of Matter. unless they are