Download File - Mr. Williams

Part I - Exploring
with Mr. Williams
• Over 4,000 miles long – Longest
river in the world.
• Starts in mountains of Ethiopia
and flows north to the
Mediterranean Sea.
• Upper Egypt – upriver
• Lower Egypt – downriver
• Only source of water in Egypt
• 13 miles wide
• cataracts – waterfalls/rapids,
protected from invasion
• Nile Delta – triangle-shaped area
of land made from soil deposited
by the river just before it
reached the sea.
• Floods predictably every July
• When the floods go away, it leaves
a thick, rich, black mud called silt.
This is excellent soil for farming.
• Black land – rich land around Nile
• Red land – sandy desert farther out
• Egypt called that by Greek historian
Herodotus
• Gifts
•
•
•
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Irrigation – built canals
Transportation
Trade
Protection – cataracts & desert make it
hard to invade
• Papyrus – reed that grows along the river,
used for making paper and boats
• Stable food supply – crops, able to raise
cattle and sheep , fish, hunt birds along
banks
• Menes – legend says he rose to power in
Upper Egypt around 3100 BC
• Conquered lower Egypt, married
princess from there to strengthen
control, and combined the two crowns
into one
• First pharaoh, title used by rulers of
ancient Egypt, means “great house”
• Founded Egypt’s first dynasty, or
series of rulers from the same
family.
• Memphis – new capital city
• Theocracy – government ruled by
religious leaders such as priests or
a monarch thought to be divine
• First Dynasty – 200 years
• Rivals arose, took power, and
created a Second Dynasty
• (Eventually more than 30
dynasties in 2,500 years)
• Old Kingdom – lasted 500 years, from
2700-2200 BC
• Government and religion were closely
connected.
• Ancient Egyptians believed . . .
• Egypt belonged to the gods
• Pharaoh had come to Earth to manage
Egypt for the gods.
• Pharaoh was both a king and a god and
had absolute power.
• 2 million people by end of Old
Kingdom
• 80% of people belonged to the
lower class
• Horrible History Funeral
Chamberlain
https://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=ygzFWvtlkug
• Horrible Histories Egyptian Dentist
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBsYrdC6cM
A
• Complete “If You Were a Child in Ancient Egypt”
activity.
• Horrible Histories - Egyptian 2000 Hair Color
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_PPk2y_n49
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• Polytheism – more than one god
• Worshipping gods was part of everyday
life, though how people worshipped
differed from place to place.
• Built temples to the gods throughout
the kingdom. Temples collected
money from worshippers and the
government, so were wealthy and
influential.
SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT
EGYPTIAN GODS
RA - THE SUN GOD
• Ra was the sun god.
• He was the most important god of the
ancient Egyptians.
• The ancient Egyptians believed that Ra
was swallowed every night by the sky
goddess Nut, and was reborn every
morning.
• The ancient Egyptians also believed that
he travelled through the underworld at
night. In the underworld, Ra appeared as
a man with the head of a ram.
ISIS - PROTECTIVE GODDESS
• Isis was a protective
goddess.
• This amulet is called the
'Isis knot' and is a symbol
• Isis was the wife of Osiris
and the mother of Horus.
• Isis is associated with
thrones because her lap
was the first 'throne' that
Horus sat upon.
of protection.
OSIRIS - LORD OF THE DEAD
• Osiris was the god of the dead, and ruler of
the underworld.
• Osiris was the brother/husband of Isis. He
was also the father of Horus.
• As well as being a god of the dead, Osiris
was a god of resurrection and fertility. In
fact, the ancient Egyptians believed that
Osiris gave them the gift of barley, one of
their most important crops.
ANUBIS - GOD OF EMBALMING
•
Anubis was the god of embalming and the dead.
•
Since jackals were often seen in cemeteries, the ancient
Egyptians believed that Anubis watched over the dead.
•
Anubis was the god who helped to embalm Osiris after he
was killed by Seth. Thus, Anubis was the god who
watched over the process of mummifying people when
they died.
•
Priests often wore a mask of Anubis during mummification
ceremonies.
SETH - CHAOS AND MORE CHAOS
• Seth was the god of chaos.
• Seth represented everything that threatened
harmony in Egypt.
• He was the brother of Osiris and Isis, as well
as the brother/husband of Nepthys. He
murdered his brother Osiris, then battled with
his nephew Horus to be the ruler of the living.
• At certain times in the history of ancient
Egypt, Seth was associated with royalty.
BASTET - THE CAT LADY
• Bastet was a protective goddess.
• Bastet was usually seen as a gentle
protective goddess. However, she
sometimes appeared with the head of a
lioness to protect the king in battle.
• The cat was a symbol of Bastet. The ancient
Egyptians made many statues of cats like this
one to honor Bastet.
• Bastet was one of the daughters of the sun
god, Ra.
HATHOR -
LADY LOVE AND A COW
• Hathor was a protective goddess.
• She was also the goddess of love and joy.
• Hathor was the wife of Horus, and was
sometimes thought of as the mother of the
pharaoh.
• Hathor was connected with foreign places
and materials. For instance, Hathor was the
goddess of the desert and the turquoise
mines in Sinai.
HORUS - HAWKMAN
• Horus was a god of the sky.
• He is probably most well-known as the
protector of the ruler of Egypt.
• The Egyptians believed that the pharaoh
was the 'living Horus'.
•
The eye was restored to him and it became
a symbol of protection for the ancient
Egyptians.
PTAH - MR. FIX-IT
• Ptah was the god of craftsmen.
• In one creation myth Ptah was a creator
god. He spoke the words and the world
came into being.
• In art, he is portrayed as a
bearded mummified man, often wearing
a skull cap, with his hands holding
an ankh, was, and djed, the symbols
of life, power and stability, respectively. He
may have originally been a fertility god
because of this.