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Solar wind
Question: What does MeV mean?
I was watching a programme on sky earlier about the possibilities of using the 'solar wind' to
propel spacecraft through space. I thought that the density of particles would be less the
further away from a planet you are, i.e., the number particles emitted from the surface area of
the planet, will be half as dense (i.e., number particles per unit volume) as one were to reach
a distance from the star that equates to double the surface area, so the propulsion will be
less (50% than at the star), but in terms of maths + probability, still a small force acting on the
craft (correct this if you will, as that was my deduction, not the narrative's),
So at the mid point between two stars, why does the craft not reach an equilibrium where it
does not move, and does it mean (that unless it harbours some sort of manipulable sail) that
it will always be deflected from it's target (obviously assuming the destination is a star or
solar system etc.)
Answer:
First of all: MeV stands for a million electron volts (eV). 1 eV is the energy gained by an
electron when it is accelerated through a potential difference of 1 volt.
This is equal to = 1.6x10-19 J and so 1 Mev = 1.6x10-13 J.
Now to the problem of the solar wind.
The solar wind, or emission of particles like it, will come from a star and not a planet.
I agree about the distance factors and the force per unit area, doubling the distance will
increase the surface areas by a factor of four. If you move from distance R to distance 2R the
sail on the spacecraft will only intercept one quarter of the amount of solar wind at 2R as it
would at R and so the force will be one quarter as great.
However it seems that the force of the solar wind is less than that due to the radiation
pressure from the Sun. It is often though that solar sails are pushed by the solar wind just as
sailboats are propelled by the wind on Earth. This is not true. The solar wind is an extremely
tenuous flow of particles streaming away from the Sun and it exerts very little force on
anything it hits. (However we will look at the effect on the tail of a comet later).
Lets start by looking at the effect of the solar radiation on a spacecraft.
Sunlight at 1 Astronomical Unit (1 AU is Earth's distance from the sun = 150 million km or 93
million miles) exerts a force of 9 Newtons per square kilometre (0.78 pounds per square
mile) on a solar sail.
Imagine a space craft with a mass of 1000 kg and with a 'solar sail' of area 1 km 2.
The acceleration of such a spacecraft due to solar radiation pressure would be 9/1000 =
0.009 m/s2.
If this started from rest just outside the Earth's atmosphere it would reach a speed of about
5440 m/s within a week and have travelled a distance of 1.6x109 m or over one and a half
million km. (Just about one hundredth of the distance from the Earth to the sun). Of course
we should allow for the intensity of the radiation falling off with the inverse square of the
distance from the Sun.
So looking at it another way, how long would it take our spacecraft to reach the orbit of Mars
(a distance of 8x1010 m). The answer (at a constant acceleration of 0.009 m/s2) is just under
seven weeks. However as I said the force will be decreasing and at the distance of Mars it
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will have fallen to 0.004 N/square km. It will then be travelling at 38 km/s and if there was no
further acceleration it would take 7900 years to reach the nearest star!
Try looking at this web site: www.planetary.org/solarsail
You will probably be able to find others by typing in solar wind powered spacecraft, or solar
powered spacecraft.
Solar wind powered craft
The solar wind powered space craft was proposed by the American geophysicist Robert
Winglee. This system employs a huge plasma field around a satellite. The field catches solar
wind, like an enormous electromagnetic sail. It uses solenoids on the spacecraft to generate
an electromagnetic field 40 km across, with the spacecraft at the centre.
The electromagnetic field is then filled with a cloud of magnetized plasma, or ionised gas,
generated by a small plasma chamber about the size of a pickle jar. The whole thing is rather
like a giant balloon with the electromagnetic field behaving like the fabric of the balloon and
keeping the plasma in place.
If the spacecraft is moving along a line at right angles to a line joining the two stars then it will
receive equal and opposite forces from each star (assuming that they both give out exactly
the same 'solar wind' and radiation). However these two forces act at right angles to the
velocity of the spacecraft and so will have no effect on its motion.
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