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Biogeochemical cycling Generalized Nutrient cycling consumers producers consumers decomposers decomposers nutrients nutrients ENTER FOOD CHAIN made available = made available to producers to producers Decomposition connects all trophic levels abiotic abiotic reservoir reservoir geologic geologic processes processes return to abiotic reservoir Carbon cycle CO2 in atmosphere Diffusion Respiration abiotic reservoir: CO2 in atmosphere enter food chain: Combustion of fuels = photosynthesis carbon fixation in Industry and home Calvin cycle Photosynthesis recycle: return to abiotic: respiration Plants combustion Animals Dissolved CO2 Bicarbonates Photosynthesis Animals Plants and algae Carbonates in sediment Deposition of dead material Deposition of dead material Fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal) abiotic reservoir: surface & atmospheric water enter food chain: precipitation & plant uptake Solar energy recycle: transpiration return to abiotic: Evaporation evaporation & runoff Water cycle Transpiration Water vapor Precipitation Oceans Runoff Lakes Percolation in soil Groundwater Aquifer Phosphorus cycle Plants Land animals Soluble soil phosphate Loss in drainage (bacteria and fungi) Rocks and minerals Phosphates Decomposers (bacteria & fungi) in solution Animal tissue and feces abiotic reservoir: rocks, minerals, soil enter food chain: erosion releases soluble phosphate uptake by plants recycle: decomposing bacteria Animal tissue & fungi Urine and feces return to abiotic: loss to Decomposers ocean sediment Aquatic animals Loss to deep sediment Plants and algae Precipitates Nitrogen cycle Carnivores abiotic reservoir: N in atmosphere enter food chain: nitrogen fixation by soil & aquatic bacteria recycle: decomposing &Herbivores nitrifying bacteria return to abiotic: denitrifying bacteria Birds Plankton with nitrogen-fixing bacteria Plants Death, excretion, feces Fish excretion Atmospheric nitrogen Decomposing bacteria amino acids Ammonifying bacteria loss to deep sediments Nitrifying bacteria soil nitrates Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (plant roots) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria (soil) Denitrifying bacteria Anthropogenic Man made fertilizers ◦ Equal to the global natural nitrogen fixation What happens when there is an overabundance of chemicals in the soil? Eutrophication What is the ozone layer? Stratosphere contains a layer of ozone (O3). Role is to absorb damaging UV radiation. Cholorflourocarbon: CFC’s Man-made chemical used in ◦ Refrigerants ◦ Car Coolants ◦ Aerosol cans Reaction of O3 with CFC’s Consequences of Ozone depletion Thinning of this layer increases UV radiation to at the Earth’s surface. Increase of skin cancer Eye damage Plant tissue damage http://galimatikciencia.wordpress.com/2012/03/13/muere-el-hombre-que-descubrio-elagujero-de-la-capa-de-ozono/ Global Warming Greenhouse gases- a natural layer of gases that are transparent to sunlight but trap heat radiating from the Earth’s surface. Gases: Methane, CO2, water vapor, N2O and O3 when it is in the troposhere. Evidence of global warming Increase of Pathogens Colorado pine bark beetles and fungus they carry damage pine trees Mosquitoes carry deneque fever and malaria Increase in Sulphur and Nitrogen Burning of fossil fuels Leads to acidification Graph shows number of lakes at that pH and number of fish species. Inefficiency of energy transfer sun Loss of energy between levels of food chain ◦ To where is the energy lost? The cost of living! 17% growth only this energy moves on to the next level in the food chain energy lost to daily living 33% cellular respiration 50% waste (feces)