Download Respiratory System - Ashlynn Hill, Project Lead the Way Biomed

By: Jess Moses, Ashlynn Hill, Natasha Lee
Function of the system
Takes in oxygen and
expels carbon dioxide.
 Oxygen is needed for
the human body to
sustain itself.
 After four to six
minutes without
oxygen, brain cells
start to die.
 Average resting
respiration rate is 1220 breaths per minute.

The Organs included
Alveoli
 Bronchial Tubes
 Lungs
 Naval Cavities
 Larynx
 Trachea

Alveoli
At the end of each bronchial tube, there
is a sac-like structure called alveoli. The
alveoli are grouped together like a lot of
interlinked caves.
 Gas exchanges between oxygen and
carbon dioxide takes place within the
alveoli.

Gas Exchange
Since the walls of the alveoli are extremely
thin, Oxygen from the inhaled air is able to
diffuse through the walls of the alveoli and
all the capillaries inside it which then leads
to oxygen being put into the blood stream
by the red blood cells.
 Carbon dioxide produced by the body
returns to the lungs via the blood stream.
 From there it diffuses through the alveolar
walls and is removed from the body
through expiration.

Specialized Structure makes Gas
Exchange Easier



Walls are extremely thin (oxygen diffuses
easily)
Larger surface area than volume
Fluid lined-enabling gases to dissolve easier
 Surfactant (surface active agent) is a chemical that
stabilizes mixtures of oil and water by reducing the
surface tension between the two; it is present within
the alveoli to help with oxygen diffusion at the
surface.


Surrounded by an encasement of capillaries to
help aid in taking oxygen to and from the body
On average, in an adult body, there are
approximately 3 million alveoli.
Bronchial Tubes




Are the tubes where
the air passes through
your lung.
They branch off from
the trachea.
As they descend, they
gradually get smaller.
The more open these
tubes are, the better
the lungs perform.
Lungs
The right lung is bigger because it
consists of 3 lobes while the left only
has two.
 the left lung has a cardiac notch to give
room for the heart.
 The conducting zone contains
the trachea, the bronchi,
the bronchioles, and the terminal
bronchioles.

Lungs
The respiratory zone contains the
respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar
ducts, and the alveoli.
 The conducting zone warms the air
to 37 °C (99 °F) and humidifies the air.
 It also cleanses the air by removing
particles via cilia located on the walls of
all the passageways.

Naval Cavities
The nasal cavity (or nasal fossa) is a large
air filled space above and behind
the nose in the middle of the face.
 The nasal cavity conditions the air to be
received by the other areas of the
respiratory tract.
 Owing to the large surface area provided
by the nasal conchae, the air passing
through the nasal cavity is warmed or
cooled to within 1 degree of body
temperature.

Nasal Cavities
In addition, the air is
humidified, and dust and
other particulate matter
is removed by vibrissae,
short, thick hairs,
present in the vestibule.
 The cilia of the
respiratory epithelium
move the particulate
matter towards the
pharynx where it passes
into the esophagus and
is digested in the
stomach.

Larynx
•Functions
as an airway to the lungs.
provides us of a way of vocalizing so we
can communicate with one another.
•There are muscles and skeleton
components that surround it to help act
upon it.
•It
Larynx Functions ~
The primary function of
this organ is to protect
the lower airway by
closing abruptly upon
mechanical stimulation,
thereby halting
respiration and
preventing the entry of
foreign matter into the
airway.
 One of the main
functions is to keep the
airway open.
 Another significant
function is vocalization
(phonation).

The larynx helps you to
cough.
 It helps controls the
ventilation.
 It acts as a sensory
organ.
 It also does the Valsalva
maneuver.

Valsalva maneuver?


It is when you
attempt to force air
out of your mouth
while keeping your
mouth and nose
closed.
It is a diagnostic tool
that helps evaluates
the heart’s condition.


Sometimes, it is
used to relieve chest
pains or to correct
an abnormal heart
rhythm.
It corrects rapid
heart rates
originating in the
atria.
Trachea
The trachea is located just beneath the
larynx (voice box) and continues behind
the breast bone (sternum).
 It divides into two smaller tubes called
bronchi, one for each lung.

Structure and Function of the
Trachea
It is composed of about 20 rings of tough
cartilage, the back part of each ring is
made of connective tissue and muscle.
Lining the inside of the trachea is mucosa
(smooth, moist tissue) which helps it
expand as air is taken in.
 Cilia, tiny hairs, also line the inside of the
trachea and catch small particles of dust or
other fibers that are inhaled.
 The main function of the trachea is to
provide a passage for air to pass through
through the rest of the respiratory system.

How the Lungs are related to
diseases

Diabetes:

 There are no
 If the flow through the
dysfunctions
containing to
diabetes. They do not
affect each other.

lungs is poor there
might not be enough
oxygenized blood into
the heart, causing
problems.
Sickle Cell:
 The only dysfunction
would be the
hemoglobin not fully
reaching the muscles
with the proper
amount of oxygen.
Heart Disease:

Urinary Track
Infection:
 There are no
dysfunctions or
affects on each other.
How the naval cavities are
related to diseases

Diabetes:
 There is no relation.

Sickle Cell:
 There is no relation.

Heart Disease:
 If a patient is highly congested and is
diagnosed sleep apnea, they are at higher
risk for heart disease.

Urinary Track Infection
 There is no relation.
How do bronchial tubes have
relation to diseases?

Diabetes

 There is no relation or
 If a patient has
dysfunctions.

asthma and a heart
disease, it could
make it worse.
Sickle Cell
 There is no relation or
dysfunctions.
Heart Disease

Urinary Track
Infection
 There is no relation or
dysfunctions.
The larynx and diseases
Diabetes: It is not affected.
 Sickle Cell: It is not affected.
 Heart Disease: It is not affected.
 Urinary Track Disease: It is not affected.

How Certain Diseases Affect the
Alveoli and Trachea




Diabetes: It doesn’t affect these organs.
Sickle Cell: Since the alveoli deals with the exchange
of gases, from oxygen to carbon dioxide, sickle cell
anemia would affect the function of this organ
because the sickle-shaped cells become ‘sticky’ and
disrupt normal blood flow of oxygen. The trachea is
not affected.
Heart Disease: Heart disease disrupts blood flow,
therefore, the transportation of oxygen decreases
within the alveoli. The trachea is not affected.
Urinary Tract Infection: Neither of these organs are
affected.
Sources:
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http://www.livescience.com/22616-respiratory-system.html
http://asthma.about.com/od/glossary/g/Definition-OfBronchial-Tubes.html
http://home.comcast.net/~wnor/lesson11.htm
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1949369-overview
http://medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Valsalva's+maneuver
http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinle
y/f25-7a-b_trachea_anteri_c.jpg
http://www.teachpe.com/anatomy/respiratory_system.php
http://www.webmd.com/lung/picture-of-the-trachea
http://www.medicalook.com/systems_images/alveoli_large
.gif
http://www.curoservice.com/parents_visitors/lungs_circula
tion/structure_alveoli.asp