Download 570 CE - Mr. Liederbach`s Class

Chronology
of the
Islamic
Empire
Please draw the following timeline in your notebook.
570 C.E.
Muhammad is born
in Mecca. At the
time, the Arabian
Peninsula consisted
of many nomadic
warring tribes, no
government, and
This map shows some of the major trade routes
massive class
crossing through 6th century Arabia.
divisions between wealthy merchants and slaves.
Mecca was a wealthy trading center.
610 C.E.
At the age of 40,
Muhammad begins
to receive
revelations from
God and begins to
preach the Qur'an.
Muhammad was a
member of the
Quraysh tribe that
resided in Mecca.
A map showing the major tribes and
settlements of the Arabian peninsula
during Muhammad’s lifetime.
622 C.E.
The Hijra. Threatened by persecution, Muhammad
and his followers fled from Mecca to Yathrib (now
known as
Medina).
This marks
the
beginning
of the
Islamic
calendar.
630 C.E.
The
conquest of
Mecca.
Muhammad
returns to
Mecca and
destroys the
idols in the
Kaaba.
632 C.E.
Muhammad dies and is buried in Medina. Abu Bakr
becomes the first Caliph of Islam. Abu Bakr would die
two years later and Umar would become the second
Caliph.
The Islamic Empire during the reign
of Abu Bakr As-Ṣiddīq.
The Mosque of the Prophet built in
Medina. The second holiest site in Islam.
638 C.E.
Jerusalem is
conquered
by Muslim
armies and
becomes the
third holiest
city in Islam
after Mecca
and Medina.
The Dome of the Rock was completed in Jerusalem in 691 C.E.
This shrine is built over the location where Muslims believe
the Prophet was lifted to heaven by God. Before being
instructed by God to pray towards Mecca, Muhammad and
his followers faced this location while praying.
644 C.E.
Umar, the second Caliph is
murdered by Persians who
wanted revenge for the
Muslim conquest of Persia.
He was stabbed while
praying in the mosque in
Medina and died of the
wounds three days later.
Uthman, the third Rashidun
Caliph comes to power.
“In the matter of
administration do not prefer
the rich to the poor. Be hard
against those who violate the
law. Show them no mercy. Do
not rest content until you have
brought the miscreants to
book. Treat all the people as
equal. Be a pillar of strength for
those who are weak and
oppressed. Those who are
strong but do wrong, make
them pay for their wrongdoings.”
- Caliph Umar
656 C.E.
Caliph Uthman is murdered by
Muslim rebels at his home in
Medina. Ali is asked to be the
next caliph. The first Islamic
civil war begins with the Battle
of the Camel in which Aisha (a
widow of the prophet) leads a
force against Ali because Ali
will not seek revenge against
the murderers of Uthman.
661 C.E.
- Ali (the fourth Caliph and first Imam) is murdered
by Kharijites while praying in the Mosque in Kufa.
- Hassan, the eldest son of Ali, succeeds his father
but signs a treaty with the Umayyad clan.
- The Umayyad Dynasty comes to power under
Muawiyah I (the former governor of Syria and a
member of the third Caliph’s family).
- Muawiyah I becomes Caliph at a ceremony in
Jerusalem and moves the capital to Damascus.
680 C.E.
The Battle of Karbala. The armies of Yazid I, the
second Umayyad Caliph defeate a small force led by
Hussein (the prophet’s grandson). Hussein, and all of
his supporters including his six month old son were
killed. Women and children were taken into captivity.
This event is extremely
sacred to Shia Muslims
who believe Hussein
and his followers to
be martyrs.
711 C.E.
Muslim armies
invade Spain.
A Muslim
general named
Tariq leads an
army of Berbers
against the Visigoth King Roderic. Parts of the Iberian
Peninsula would remain under Muslim control for the
next 781 years.
732 C.E.
Muslim
armies are
defeated by
Charles
Martel at
the Battle of
Tours.
750 C.E.
The Abbasid clan
defeats the Umayyads
in the Battle of Zab
and their leader, Abul
`Abbas al-Saffaḥ
becomes Caliph. The
new Abbasid Caliphate
moves the capital city
of Islam from
Damascus to Baghdad.
The Umayyads fled to Andalucía where they
established the Caliphate of Cordoba which
lasted until 1031 C.E. The great Mosque in
Cordoba was then converted into a Cathedral.
859 C.E.
The University of al-Karaouine
is founded in Fez, Morocco. It
is the oldest existing and
continually operating
educational institution in the
world. The Mosque and
Madrassa were commissioned
by Fatima al-Fihri, the
daughter of a wealthy Tunisian
merchant.
874 C.E.
Hasan al-Askari, the 11th
Shia Imam dies in Prison
in Samarra, Iraq. Shia
Muslims believe that his
son, Muhammad ibn
Hasan al-Mahdī, who
was five years old at the
time, went into hiding
and is still being hidden
by God.
The Al-Askari Mosque was built in Samarra
Iraq in 944 C.E. around the remains of the
10th and 11th imams. The 12th imams mother
is also buried there. The Mosque was
destroyed by two separate bombings in
2006 and 2007. Al Qaeda is thought to have
been responsible for the bombings.
909 C.E.
The Fatimid Caliphate is
founded in Tunisia. They
practiced and enforced
Shia Islam and claimed to
be descendants of the
prophet’s daughter Fatima.
In 983, they moved their
capital to Cairo Egypt. This
rival caliphate of the
Abbasids lasted until 1171.
Al- Azhar Mosque and University were
built in Cairo by the Fatimids.
Completed in 972 C.E. the university is
the second oldest university in the
world behind al-Karaouine in Fez.
1037 C.E.
The Seljuk Empire is founded when
Tughril Beg takes the throne. The
Seljuks were a group of Turkish tribes
from central Asia. They had converted
to Islam in 985 C.E.. Tughril led them in
The tomb of Tughril
conquests against the Persians, the
Beg in Iran.
Abbasids, the Fatimids, and the Byzantines.
After conquering the Abbasid capital of Baghdad, he
allowed the Abbasid caliphs to hold their positions,
but he assumed all real political and military power.
1099 C.E.
Fatimid Jerusalem is
captured by
the crusaders. Even
though Jerusalem
had been under
Muslim control for Prise de Jérusalem par les Croisés, Émile Signol, 1847
461 years, Christians had been able to pilgrimage
there. When the Seljuks came to power, they
conquered much of the Byzantine Empire and made
Christian pilgrimages difficult, leading to the crusades.
1187 C.E.
Saladin recaptures
Jerusalem from the
crusaders. Saladin was a
Sunni Muslim that had
become vizier of the Shia
Fatimid Caliph in Cairo. His
rise to power in 1171 C.E.
upon the death of the
Caliph brought an end to
the Fatimid Caliphate.
1206 C.E.
The Delhi Sultanate is
established in Northern
India by Muslim Turks and
Afghans. At the time, most
of the subcontinent was
ruled by warring Hindu and
Buddhist principalities.
Many Indians, especially
those of lower castes
converted to Islam.
The Minaret and Mosque at the Qutb
complex in Dehli.
1258 C.E.
Bagdad is destroyed by the
Mongols. The golden age of
Islam under the Abbasids
comes to a close. Although
many of the Mongols had
converted to Islam, they were
primarily concerned with
collecting tribute from
conquered peoples.
1299 C.E.
Osman I, the leader of a
Seljuk principality in Anatolia
declares independence from
the Seljuks and the Ottoman
Empire is founded.
Osman I (1258 – 1326)
1453 C.E.
The Ottomans
conquer the
Byzantine
capital of
Constantinople.
They renamed
the city Istanbul
and it remained
their capital
until 1923.
1526 C.E.
Babur conquers
the Delhi Sultanate
and establishes
the Mughal
Empire. This
empire would last
until 1857, when
the British would
make India part of
their Empire.