Download commands in indirect speech

NOUN CLAUSES
A noun clause is a dependent clause that can serve as a subject or object.
What you said was very interesting.
The newspaper says that it will rain tomorrow.
A noun clause frequently follows certain adjectives, nouns, and verbs.
I was happy when you called.
Many people hold the belief that there is life on other planets.
She insisted that she was right.
There are three ways to form noun clauses:
1. Begin with that
2. Begin with if or whether
3. Begin with a question word such as who, what, where, when, how
That Clauses
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Can come at the beginning of the sentence and act as the subject. In this case the
word that cannot be omitted. Ex: That she loves me is certain.
Can come after certain nouns such as idea, thought, belief, opinion, claim,
statement
Ex: It is my opinion that global warming is a serious problem.
Can come after the verb of the independent clause. In this case, the dependent
clause is imbedded in the independent clause and functions as the object. Ex: I
insist that you come.
Can come after certain adjectives such as happy, sad, worried, certain, sure,
surprised.
Ex: I am certain that the test is tomorrow.
Can be used to report what someone else said. Ex: She said that she was retiring.
*With the exception of the first use, that can be omitted from the noun clause.
If / Whether Clauses
1.
These are statements, not questions, that begin with if or whether. They are
often used to integrate a yes/no question into a statement. Whether is more
formal than if. An optional addition is the phrase or not.
2. Question: Will she come?
Statement: I don’t know whether she will come or not.
Question: Is he interested in buying your car?
Statement: I wonder if he is interested in buying your car.
Question Word Clauses
1. Although these clauses begin with question words, they are not questions, so
they follow the regular subject – verb order.
2. There are two patterns:
who and what may act as the subject of the noun clause.
Ex: I don’t know who is coming to the party.
Ex: He saw what happened.
Who, what, when, why, where, how, how much, how long, begin the clause
and are followed by a subject.
Ex: I wonder where she went.
Ex: I heard what you said.
Exercise 1: Noun Clauses with question words.
Identify noun clause in each sentence. Please label the subject and verb of each clause.
1. Where you live is beautiful.
2. He asked me how old I was.
3. Do you know what you will be doing next year?
4. I don’t know who broke the window.
5. What happened yesterday was wonderful.
6. I wonder when the rain will stop.
7. Why she likes him is a mystery.
8. What he told me is a secret.
9. Do you know where you’ll go for your next vacation?
10. He asked me how I liked my job.
Exercise 2: Noun Clauses in a paragraph.
Underline ten noun clauses.
Many people believe that there is life on other planets. They think there must be life
somewhere else in our universe. Scientists often ask if there is life on Mars. Some space
missions have gone to Mars to find out why there appears to be canals. They say that if
they find water, there might be life there. They don’t know if there is life, but they think
that there is a strong possibility. Some people have said it is too expensive to send
missions to Mars. Others have said that it is expensive, but worth it. Do you believe that
there is life on Mars? Most of us don’t know what exists on Earth. Why are we worried
about Mars?
Exercise 3: Making sentences with noun clauses.
Use the words to form a sentence that contains a noun clause. You will have to add other
words to complete the grammar. Remember, you can use that/what/when/where
why/if/whether/why to begin your noun clause
Ex: She/afraid/he/work = She is afraid that he works too hard.
1. Marie/nervous/she/fail
2. Students/happy/semester/over
3. I/notice/he/go
4. I/not/know/she/come/or not.
5. Orphan/not/remember/parents/be.
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct speech is reporting someone’s words exactly as they were spoken. We use
quotation marks, and we don’t change the verb tense from the original statement or
question.
Example: He said, “I don’t know how to play the piano.”
Indirect speech / reported speech is reporting someone’s words without quotation marks.
In this case, we change the verb tense using the rule of sequence of tenses*.
Example: He said he didn’t know how to play the piano.
QUESTIONS IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Questions in indirect speech are expressed as statements. The question form is not
retained. The auxiliary verb is dropped or inverted with the subject of the question. The
verb tense changes to one of the past tenses. Use the rule of sequence of tenses* to
change the verb. All pronouns must agree with the sense of the new sentence.
Direct: Maria asked, “Where do you live?”
Indirect:
Maria asked where I lived.
Indirect questions with no “question word” (who, what, when, where, why, how) must
have if or whether added to the statement.
Direct:
Indirect:
Maria asked, “Does Van Huong live here?”
Maria asked if Van lived here.
COMMANDS IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Orders or commands are expressed in indirect speech by adding an infinitive.
Direct: Maria said, “Close the door.”
Indirect:
Maria told me to close the door.
Direct: Maria said, “Tell me where you live.”
Indirect:
Maria told me to tell her where I lived.
RULE OF SEQUENCE OF TENSES
To report speech, change the original verb tense to a past tense in the following way:
VERB TENSE (direct speech)
TENSE(indirect speech)
1.present
2.present continuous
3.present perfect
4.present perfect continuous
5.simple past
6.past continuous
7.future: will
8.future: am going to
9.modal: can
10.modal: may
11.modal: must
12.modal: have to
13.modal: should
14.modal: could
15.modal: might
changes to
VERB
simple past
past continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
past perfect
past perfect continuous
would
was going to
could
might
had to
had to
should
could
might
He said, /direct speech
changes to
1.“I work hard.”
2.“I am working hard.”
3.“I have worked hard.”
4.“I have been working hard.”
5.“I worked hard.”
6.“I was working hard.”
7.“I will work hard.”
8. “I am going to work hard.”
9. “I can work hard.”
10.”I may work hard.”
11.”I must work hard.”
12.”I have to work hard.”
13.”I should work hard.”
14.”I could work hard.”
15.”I might work hard.”
He said (that) /indirect speech
he worked hard.
he was working hard.
he had worked hard.
he had been working hard.
he had worked hard.
he had been working hard.
he would work hard.
he was going to work hard.
he could work hard.
he might work hard.
he had to work hard.
he had to work hard.
he should work hard.
he could work hard.
he might work hard.
Commands: direct speech
“Work hard.”
“Please work hard.”
indirect speech
He told me to work hard.
He asked me to work hard.
changes to
Questions: direct speech
changes to
He asked, ”Do you work hard?”
He asked, ”Do you work hard?”
He asked, “Where do you work?”
indirect speech
He asked if I worked hard.
He asked whether I worked hard.
He asked where I worked
Exercise 1: Reported Speech
Change the direct speech into reported speech. Choose the past simple of ‘ask’, ‘say’ or ‘tell’:
1.
“Don’t do it!”
She ______________________________________________________________
2.
“I’m leaving tomorrow”
She ______________________________________________________________
3.
“Please get me a cup of tea”
She ______________________________________________________________
4.
“She got married last year”
She ______________________________________________________________
5.
“Be quick!”
She ______________________________________________________________
6.
“Could you explain number four, please?”
She ______________________________________________________________
7.
“Where do you live?”
She ______________________________________________________________
8.
“We went to the cinema and then to a Chinese restaurant”
She ______________________________________________________________
9.
“I’ll come and help you at twelve”
She ______________________________________________________________
10. “What are you doing tomorrow?”
She ______________________________________________________________
11. “Don’t go!”
She ______________________________________________________________
12. “Do you work in London?”
She ______________________________________________________________
13. “Could you tell me where the post office is?”
She ______________________________________________________________
14. “Where do you want to eat tonight?”
She ______________________________________________________________
15. “I usually drink coffee in the mornings”
She ______________________________________________________________
16. “Do you like studying English?”
She ______________________________________________________________
17. “I’ll come and help you on Saturday”
She ______________________________________________________________
18. “Please buy some bread on your way home”
She ______________________________________________________________
19. “Please give this to John”
She ______________________________________________________________
20. “Would you mind telling me how to get to the art gallery, please?”
She ______________________________________________________________