Download Answers - 19th c. Europe Chart

AP EURO SNAPSHOT CHART: 19th Century Europe
Using Spielvogel Chapters 19-24, your class notes, and any other resources you may find on your own, complete the following chart on Europe in the “long” 19th century.
Country
AUSTRIA
FRANCE
GERMANY
GREECE
ITALY
State of the Economy
Rapid industrialization in the late 19th
century resulted in a growing
economy.
Political Situation
International/
Transnational Issues
Major Social Issue/Problem
Metternich’s conservative order defined
Austrian imperialism was not focused on
Still faces nationalities problem despite dual
European politics until his dismissal in
building overseas empire but on Ottoman
monarchy.
1848, and the end of the Crimean War
lands in the Balkans.
(1856) Dual monarchy (Austria-Hungary)
created to pacify Hungarian nationalists in
the wake of losses in the Seven Weeks’
War. Introduction of universal male
suffrage made empire so hard to govern
that emperor and his advisors ruled by
decree and bypassed Parliament.
Remained a nation of small
Much political unrest across the 19th
Expanded French empire into Africa
Country torn apart by Dreyfus Affair. Growing Antibusinessmen and farmers that lagged
century. It began w/ Napoleon’s glorious
(Algeria and French West Africa) and
Semitism. Gov’t broke off relations w/ Cahtolic
far behind industrial powers like
reign through three revolutions (1830,
Southeast Asia (Indochina)
Church. Compulsory education for both boys and
Britain, U.S., and Germany. Poor wages 1848, & 1871), the establishment of a
girls. Expanded secondary education.
and working conditions cause
constitutional, monarchy, 2nd republic,
radicalization of the working class.
reign of Napoleon III, and finally the 3rd
republic w/ a strong president and
universal male suffrage. Faced more
political unrest w/ Boulanger Crisis,
Panama Canal scandal, and Dreyfua Affair.
Became the continent’s leading
After failing to unify in 1848 revolution,
German empire expanded into Africa
OVB instituted the first and most wide-ranging
industrial and military power by 1914.
German states unified under Prussian
(Cameroon, Tanzania, etc.)
social welfare legislation in Europe (Social
Rapid economic growth and
Chancellor OVB in 1871. A Federal empire
Security/retirement benefits, sickness and accident
urbanization.
was created that established a strong
insurance, and old age pensions). Rapid
executive (Emperor) and bicameral
industrialization and urbanization led to vast social
legislature (lower house elected by
problems. OVB’s Kulturkampf attempted to
universal male suffrage). By turn of the
eliminate the influence of the Catholic Church but
20th century, socialist parties became
then backed off. Jews gain legal equality, but face
extremely successful despite OVB’s
restrictions on employment.
attempts to eliminate them (1878)
Gained its independence from Ottomans in 1830 and established a constitutional monarchy. Continued to battle Ottomans across 19th century and unified Greek speaking lands by
defeating Ottomans again in 1878. Added Macedonia with a victory in Balkan Wars 1912-1913.
Regional differences (a povertyAfter failed revolutions in 1820, 1830, and
After an embarrassing defeat at the hands
Regional differences weakened sense of
stricken south and an industrializing
1848, Italy finally unified in 1870 under
of Ethiopia (1896), Italy satisfied its imperial community among Italians. The Pope and Catholic
north) weakened the economy and
King Victor Emmanuel of Piedmontambitions by conquering Libya
Church refused to recognize the new state.
sense of community.
Sardinia in 1870. A constitutional
Chromic turmoil between workers and
monarchy was established. P.M. Giolitti’s
industrialists undermined the social fabric. Social
Transformismo divided loyalty of Italians
welfare legislation enacted (1912)
and led to corrupt/unmanageable politics.
Universal suffrage was granted (1912).
Country
State of the Economy
Political Situation
International/
Transnational Issues
Major Social Issue/Problem
POLAND
Does not exist. Polish nationalists revolted against Russian rulers in 1830 but failed after much bloodshed.
RUSSIA
Under leadership of finance minister
Sergei Witte, Russia doubled its
railroad network, put up high
protective tariffs, put Russia on the
gold standard, and encouraged foreign
investment to build factories and steel
and coal mills. Nevertheless, Russia’s
economic gains were limited.
Spain’s loss of overseas empire and
limited industrialization caused
economic problems.
Russian czars established a reactionary
absolutist police state throughout the 19th
century. Radical groups carry out violent
opposition. Assassination of Alexander II in
1881 causes successor Alexander III to
wage war on liberalism and democracy
(exceptional measures)
Embarrassing losses in the Crimean War
(1853-56) and Russo-Japanese War (190405) exposed Russia’s industrial
backwardness. The loss to Japan inspired
the Russian Revolution of 1905.
Reforms enacted by Alexander II abolished serfdom
(but serfs still had to pay for their land grants) and
established local elected assemblies (zemstovs),
but these reforms were limited and met w/ violent
reaction from anarchists and other radicals.
Alexander III reacted by establishing a Russification
policy that further alienated subject nationalities.
Transitioned from a restored Bourbon
monarchy in 1815 to a parliamentary
monarchy in 1875 with a constitution that
granted limited suffrage for males and
established two competing political parties
(Conservatives and Liberals)
Lost Latin American colonies due to
revolutions (1810-1825). Defeat in the
Spanish-American War (1898) led to the
loss of Cuba and the Philippines to the
United States causing unrest at home.
Conservative social order (large landowners,
Catholic Church, and army) prevented much
needed social reforms. Lower classes become
increasingly interested in obtaining social change
through radical and violent means (socialism and
anarchism)
SWEDEN
Transformed from a mostly
agricultural economy to an industrial
one. By early 20th c. Sweden had
booming iron, steel, and engineering
industries which were greatly helped
by the introduction of hydroelectricity.
Constitutional reform was made to
Swedish monarchy in 1865 w/ the creation
of a bicameral legislature.
Lost Finland in war with Russia w/ 1808.
Gained Norway from Denmark in 1814.
Emigration of Swedes, mostly to North America
(1.5 million out of 3.5 million in 1850)
TURKEY
Economy hit hard by Western
developments. Europeans achieved
direct access to Asia. Cheap European
manufactured goods harmed Ottoman
artisans. Foreign merchants won
immunity from Ottoman laws/taxes.
Gov’t cam to rely on foreign loans to
finance economic development
efforts.
Most prosperous economic period in
British history. Unprecedented
economic growth, due to free trade
across empire, iron ship building
industry, its virtual monopoly on the
carrying trade, and British industrial
manufacturing.
Central Ottoman state weakened.
Provincial authorities and local warlords
gained more power, limited the gov’ts
ability to raise money. The Jannissaries had
become militarily ineffective. Ottoman
sultans (esp. Abudul Hamid II) fought
reform and instituted repressive measures.
“The Old Sick Man of Europe”
Ottomans lost territory to Russia, Britain,
Austria, and France. Greece, Serbia,
Bulgaria, and Romania attained
independence. Increasingly relied on Great
Powers of Europe to keep empire together.
(ex. Crimean War)
Tanzimat reforms (1839) established the principle
of equality for all citizens under the law, liberalized
commercial law, and promoted western education
models. Conflicts emerged b/t secular reformers
and conservative Muslim groups over extent and
scope of Ottoman modernization.
Development of an effective two-party
system that skillfully guided the country
from classical liberalism to full-fledged
democracy under the leadership of three
effective prime ministers (Gladstone,
Disraeli, George). Reform Bills (1832, 1867,
1884) lead to universal male suffrage.
“The sun never sets on the British flag!”
Expanded British Empire to include colonies
in Africa, Burma, Australia/Oceania, and
South Asia (India).
Only transnational issue is whether to grant
home rule to Ireland
Corrected the ills of industrialization (pollution,
rapid urban growth, low life expectancy, child labor
etc.) across the 19th century thanks to the trade
union movement and establishment of the Labour
Party. Women’s movement agitated for more legal
rights ,especially suffrage. The Peoples’ Budget
(1906-1914) established extensive social welfare
legislation (national health insurance,
unemployment benefits, old-age pensions) by
taxing the rich.
SPAIN
UNITED KINGDOM