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C
YOU CANNOT BE A GREAT
HERO UNLESS YOU DEFEAT
A GREAT ENEMY.
PREVIEW
EXAMINE THE TRUTH OF FOLLOWING
STATEMENT IN A SHORT PARAGRAPH.
PROVIDE AT LEAST TWO EXAMPLES TO
SUPPORT YOUR ANSWER.
YOU CANNOT BE A GREAT HERO
UNLESS YOU DEFEAT A GREAT ENEMY.
WHO IS CARTHAGE?
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Wanted to be perceived as
universalists so as not to
disrupt their trading
relationships.
 Carthage was founded by
the Phoenicians in 814 BC
 The dominant
commercial power in the
western Mediterranean
based in North Africa
 A genetically blended
people (Phoenician,
Libyan, Numidian,
African, etc.)
 Supplied much of Greece
with its agricultural needs
CARTHAGINIAN RELIGION
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Baal
Tanit
Astarte
HUMAN SACRIFICE
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 Excavations have shown the Carthaginians practiced
ritual sacrifices of their first born sons
 Tofets (sanctuary dedicated to Tanit with urns of
cremated boys)
 The tofet at Carthage had 7 layers of urns ranging
over 600 years and goes all the way until the
destruction of Carthage in 146 BC (only 10% was
excavated and they already have over 3000 urns!)
 No pathogens, no broken bones – all of the remains
indicate the children were burned to death
CARTHAGINIAN GEOGRAPHY
 Virgil describes a very
lush environment with
many wild animals
 Royal marble (reddish
in color) was later
taken from these
mntns to use in the
floor of the Pantheon
THE PUNIC WARS
WHY DO ROME AND
CARTHAGE GO TO WAR
IN THE FIRST PLACE?
SICILY… GREEK’S VISION OF HEAVEN… MEDITERANEAN BREADBASKET
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CASSUS BELLI
CC
They could not
coincide as both nations
sought to expand.
FIRST PUNIC WAR (264 – 241 BC)
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 Starts with Roman aid to Messana against Carthage
 264 BC is the 1st time the Romans leave Italy proper
 Many ppl on Sicily identified with C. more than R.
 The Roman province of Campania grew more
influential and really supported the war – they had
very fertile soil and were very wealthy due to
agriculture and felt threatened by the Carthaginians
 Romans have to build its first navy in order to
compete with the Carthaginians for dominance of
Sicily.
Battles on the Sea
 Used a beached C.
warship as the model
for their own navy.
 1st two fleets are
destroyed.
 3rd fleet is privately
purchased by
Campanian nobility
And Battle on the Land
 The Romans gradually
move across Sicily
trying to cut of access
to Carthage
 However they never
defeat Hamilcar Barca
TREATY OF LUTATIUS
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 Carthage forces Hamilcar Barca to negotiate despite
the fact he never lost a battle



Carthage must remove all of its presence on Sicily
Carthage cannot ally with Syracuse
Carthage must pay a sum over 80 lbs of gold and
silver


Hamilcar said this should be over 20 years, Carthage’s govt. agreed to 10
Carthage must destroy its navy
Carthage is soon plunged into the Mercenary War.
THE MAKING OF A SOLDIER
 He is so mad at the
rulers of Carthage he
leaves to restore its
glory and wealth by
conquering Spain
 He takes with him his
young sons Hannibal,
Hasdrubal, and Mago
BUILDING A NEW EMPIRE
HAMILCAR DOES VERY WELL IN SPAIN
AFTER HIS DEATH, HE IS FOLLOWED BY HIS
SON IN LAW HASDRUBAL THE FAIR
AFTER HIS DEATH, HANNIBAL IS
UNANIMOUSLY ELECTED LEADER BY THE
ARMY
SECOND PUNIC WAR (218 – 201 BC)
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 Hannibal attacked a Roman ally in Spain, Saguntum
 It took him 8 months to defeat the city but he gained a
lot of wealth, slaves, and property
 He then spent the next 8 months preparing to attack
Rome – gains support from the Iberians and the CeltIberians in Spain by promising them more fertile land
in Gaul
 He bypasses the Roman troops sent to stop him by
going through the Alps and descending on Italy from
the North
 He will spend the next 15 years terrifying the Romans
MAJOR BATTLES
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TREBIA
LAKE TRASIMENE
CANNAE
THE SAVIOR OF ROME
GNAEUS PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO
THE YOUNGER
THIRD PUNIC WAR (146 BC)
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 Cato the Elder declared “Carthago delenda est”
or “Carthage must be destroyed!”
 Rome attacks a weakened Carthage and utterly
destroys the city

Rome punished the city by…
Razed the city
 Sold all the survivors into slavery
 Sowed salt in the fields to keep anyone from returning there
