Download Kaplan`s Lab Values

LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF NURSING
Accepted Lab Values Adapted from Kaplan
Lab
Sodium
Normal Value
S & S of ↓
S & S of ↑
135-145mEq/L
Nausea, muscle cramps, ICP,
confusion, muscle twitching,
convulsion
Elevated temp, weakness,
disorientation, delusions,
hallucinations, thirst, dry swollen
tongue, tachycardia, hypotension
EKG changes, cardiac arrest,
muscle weakness, paralysis,
nausea, diarrhea
Elevated levels are related to
acidosis as well as too much water
crossing the cell membrane.
Potassium 3.5-5.0mEq/L
Chloride
95-105mEq/L
CO2
24-30mEq/L
Glucose
60-100 mg/dL fasting
Infants 40-50mg/dL;
>125 hyperglycemia,
>150 in preterm
BUN
8-20 mg/dL
Creatinine Adult 0.6-1.5 mg/dL
Albumin
3.5-5.0 g/dL
Ionized
Calcium
Total
Serum
Calcium
4.5-5.2 mg/dL
8.5-10.5 mg/dL
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, EKG
changes, muscle weakness,
paresthesias
Decreased levels with decreased
serum albumin may indicate water
deficiency crossing the cell
membrane (edema).
The CO2 level is related to the
respiratory exchange of carbon
dioxide in the lungs and is part of
the body’s buffering system.
Generally when used with the other
electrolytes, it is a good indicator of
acidosis and alkalinity.
Insulin reaction:
Irritable, confusion, tremors, blurred
vision, coma, seizures, hypotension,
tachycardia, skin cool & clammy,
diaphoretic
Decreased levels may be due to a
poor diet, malabsorption, liver
damage or low nitrogen intake.
Low levels are sometimes seen in
kidney damage, protein starvation,
liver disease or pregnancy.
Lower levels are seen in poor diets,
diarrhea, fever, infection, liver
disease, inadequate iron intake,
third-degree burns and edemas or
hypocalcemia
Nervous system excitable, tetany,
seizures, confusion, parathesias,
irritability; Trousseau’s sign
Diabetic Ketoacidosis:
HA, drowsiness, weakness,
stupor, coma, hypotension,
tachycardia, skin warm & dry,
elevated temp, polyuria
progressing to oliguria,
polydipsia, polyphagia,
Kussmaul’s respirations, fruity
odor
Increases can be caused by
excessive protein intake, kidney
damage, certain drugs, low fluid
intake, intestinal bleeding,
exercise or heart failure.
Elevated levels are sometimes
seen in kidney disease due to the
kidney’s job of excreting
creatinine, muscle degeneration,
and some drugs involved in
impairment of kidney function.
High levels are seen in liver
disease (rarely), shock,
dehydration, or multiple
myeloma.
Sedative effect, muscle weakness,
lack of coordination, constipation,
abdominal pain & distension,
confusion, depressed or absent
tendon reflexes, dysrhytmias
Lab
Normal Value
Magnesium 1.5-3.0 U/L
RBC
Men 4.6-6.2
million/mm8
Women 4.2-5.4
Children 3.2-5.2
WBC
Adults 5,00010,000/mm8
Children 5,00013,000
HGB
Men 13-18 gm/dL
Women 12-15 gm/dL
Children 11-12.5
gm/dL
Men 42 – 50%
Women 40-48%
Children 35-45%
HCT
Platelets
100,000400,000/mm8
PT
9.5-12 seconds
PTT
20-45 seconds
Therapeutic range
1.5-2 x normal
1.010-1.030
Urine Spec
Gravity
CVP
3-11 cm water
S & S of ↓
S & S of ↑
Mag acts as a depressant so low mg
- tremors, seizures, tetany,
- dysrhythmias, depression,
confusion
- dysphagia
High mg
- depressed CNS
- depressed cardiac
impulse
- hypotension
- facial flushing
- absent deep tendon
reflexes, muscle
weakness
- shallow, slow
respirations
Congenital heart disease, cor
pulmonale, pulmonary fibrosis,
polycythemia vera, dehydration
(such as from severe diarrhea),
kidney disease with high
erythropoietin production
Anemia (various types),
hemorrhage (bleeding, bone
marrow failure (for example, from
radiation, toxin, fibrosis, tumor),
erythropoietin deficiency
(secondary to kidney disease),
hemolysis (RBC destruction) from
transfusion reaction, leukemia,
multiple myeloma, malnutrition
Bone marrow failure (for example,
due to infection, tumor, fibrosis),
presence of cytotoxic substance,
collagen-vascular diseases (such as
lupus erythematosus), disease of
the liver or spleen, radiation
Anemia, bleeding, erythropoietin,
lead poisoning, malnutrition
Anemia, bleeding, bone marrow
suppression, leukemia, multiple
myeloma, rheumatoid arthritis,
malnutrition
Thrombocytopenia; low production
of platelets in the bone marrow,
increased breakdown of platelets in
the bloodstream, spleen or liver
An abnormal result is most often
due to liver disease, vitamin K
deficiency or oral anticoagulant
therapy.
Measures clotting time
Infectious diseases, inflammatory
disease (such as rheumatoid
arthritis or allergy), leukemia,
severe emotional or physical
stress, tissue damage (for
example, burns), anemia
Heart disease, cor pulmonale,
polycythemia vera, pulmonary
fibrosis
Dehydration, erythrocytosis,
polychthemia vera
Thrombocytosis:
Polycythemia vera, postsplenectomy syndrome, primary
thrombocytosis, certain
malignancies, early CML, anemia
Bleeding disorder or effective
Coumadin therapy
Bleeding, effectiveness of
Heparin therapy
Dilute urine
Concentrated urine
Hypovolemia
Hypervolemia or poor cardiac
contractility
Lab
ABG’s
pH
PaCO2
Normal Value
S & S of ↓
S & S of ↑
7.35-7.45
Acidosis
Alkalosis
35-45 mm Hg
High with ↓ pH –
Respiratory acidosis
PaO2
HCO3
80-100 mm Hg
22-26 mEq/L
BE
O2 Sat
+/- 1
95-99%
Low with pH –
Respiratory alkalosis
Hypoxia
Low with ↓ pH –
Metabolic acidosis
Hypovolemia
Hypoxia
High with pH –
Metabolis alkalosis
Hypervolemia