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Gross Morbid Anatomy of Ruminants
Fabio Del Piero, DVM, DACVP, Assistant Professor
Departments of Pathobiology and Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Pennsylvania
Tel.: ** 610-444-5800;
Fax: ** 610-925-8110;
E-mail: [email protected]
BOVINE
Organ
Etiology/Disease
Gross Diagnosis
Pathogenesis, comments
LEUKON and ERYTHRON
Spleen
Bacterial emboli:
Arcanobacterium pyogenes,
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Thrombosis and infarction
Abscesses
Thrombosis and infarction
From rumenitis, traumatic
(hardware) reticulitis,
pododermatitis.
From abomasal displacement.
Lymphoma
DD: Myeloproliferative disease.
Bone marrow
Lymphoma
Bovine leukosis retrovirus
Lymphoma
Bovine leukosis retrovirus
Juvenile (non viral)
lymphoma
Emaciation
Multiple organs
Clostridium haemolyticum
Hemoglobin staining
(hemolysis)
Multiple organs
Thrombocytopenic BVDV-2
Hemorrhagic diathesis
Oral cavity
Palatoschisis (cleft palate)
Palatoschisis (cleft palate)
Oral cavity
Bovine pestivirus (BVDV)
Erosive and ulcerative
stomatitis
Oral cavity
Tongue
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Actinobacillus lignieresi
Necrotizing stomatitis
Fibrosing pyogranulomatous
glossitis
Organisms inoculated by forage
within the lingual fossa.
Esophagus
Esophagus
Bovine pestivirus (BVDV)
Malignant catarrhal fever
herpesviruses
Papillomatosis
Papillomavirus
Gongylonemiasis
Gongylonema pulchrum
Overeating disease
Toxic ruminitis secondary to
overeating
Erosive esophagitis
Erosive esophagitis
DD: Rinderpest, MCF.
DD: BVDV, rinderpest.
Papillomas
Obstruction in very rare cases.
Gongylonemiasis
Frequent incidental finding.
Necrobacillosis
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Coagulative necrosis
Spleen
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Lymphoma
Lymphoma
DD : Bovine leukosis retrovirus
Serous atrophy of fat
Chronic diseases (TB, Johne’ ds,
neoplasia), malnutrition,
maldentition.
DD: Alliaceae; Babesia bovis,
Anaplasma marginale.
DD: Nitrofurazone, vit K
antagonists.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Esophagus
Esophagus
Rumen
Rumen
Rumen
Grain overload
Ulcerative and necrotizing (full
thickness) ruminitis
Sometimes cheilo-palatoschisis.
Secondary milk inhalation
pneumonia.
DD: Rinderpest; vesicular
stomatitis, FMD, MCF,
bluetongue; Hg.
Grain, apples, lowering pH
feedstuffs. Bacterial emboli to
the liver  multiple abscesses
(A. pyogenes, Fusobacterium
necrophorum).
Organ
Forestomachs
Etiology/Disease
Gross Diagnosis
Pathogenesis, comments
Mycotic ruminitis
Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp.,
other Zygomycetes
Bovine pestivirus (BVDV)
Bovine pestivirus
Necrohemorrhagic
(thrombotic) multifocal
omasitis, ruminitis
Erosive omasitis
Ulcers
Sometimes predisposed by
BVDV, especially during
BVDV-MD.
DD: rinderpest, MCF.
DD: rinderpest, FMD;
mycotoxins (T2).
Focal necrotizing reticulitis
Trichobezoars
Metal foreign body (9-13 cm)
with bent end by baling machine.
Veal calves licking each other.
Paramphistomum cervi
Larvae are hematophagic.
Abomasum
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
(hardware disease)
Ruminal endogenous foreign
body
Paramphistomiasis
Paramphistomum cervi
*Clostridium spp., Gram
negative bacteria, Sarcina
spp., Candida spp., Mucor
spp. (combinations of the
above).
Multiple ulcers
Abomasum
Perforating ulcer
Perforating ulcer
Abomasum
Rupture
Rupture
Abomasum
Multifocal mucosal
hyperplasia
Lymphoma
Multifocal mucosal
hyperplasia
Lymphoma
Enteritis
Large intestine
Escherichia coli, Salmonella
enterica, rotavirus,
coronavirus, parvovirus,
pestivirus, Cryptosporidium
parvum, Eimeria bovis and
zűrni.
Salmonellosis
Salmonella enterica
Bovine pestivirus (BVDV)
Cecum
Rinderpest morbillivirus
Omasum
Rumen
Reticulum
Rumen, abomasum
Rumen
Abomasum
Abomasum
Small intestine
Small intestine
Intestine
Intestine
Bovine pestivirus (BVDV)
Rectum
Ileocecal valve
Small intestine
Intestine
Necrotizing
(necrohemorrhagic) abomasitis
Multiple ulcers
Stress, nutritional,
displacements, infectious agents
above* and BVDV.
Stress, nutritional,
displacements, infectious agents
above*.
Rare (2 in 5 years), secondary to
displacements.
Secondary to ulcer repair?
Very common location as well as
heart, uterus and lymphoid
organs.
Sometimes combination of
agents.
Fibrinous and necrotizing
(diphtheritic) enteritis
Fibrinous and necrotizing
(diphtheritic) typhlitis
Fibrinous and necrotizing
(diphtheritic) typhlitis
DD: BVDV-MD, Salmonella +
BVDV, rinderpest.
DD: BVDV-MD, Salmonella
+BVDV, rinderpest.
DD: BVDV-MD, Salmonella
+BVDV, rinderpest.
Intraluminal fibrin cast
Necrotizing enterotyphlocolitis
with Payer’s patch necrosis
As above.
DD: Rinderpest, salmonellosis.
Linear acute hemorrhages
Any cause, including BVD;
artifact.
Also lymphadenitis,
lymphangitis, hepatitis.
Johne disease
(paratuberculosis)
Mycobacterium avium
paratuberculosis.
Jejunal hemorrhagic
syndrome
Granulomatous
enterotyphlocolitis
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium bovis
Caseous ulcerative enteritis
Intraluminal acute hemorrhage
2
Possible etiologies: Clostridium
spp. +/- diet changes. Still
unknown.
Organ
Etiology/Disease
Gross Diagnosis
Spiral colon
Fat necrosis
Fat necrosis
Rectum
Rectal tear
Rectal tear
Small intestine
Taeniasis
Monietia spp.
Intestinal ascaridiasis
Toxocara vitulorum
Small intestine
Intestine
Intestine
Lymphoma
Adenocarcinoma
Lymphoma
Adenocarcinoma
Mesenteric cyst – Glisson’s
capsule cyst
Ventral mesenteric cyst
Focal lipidosis related to
fibrous adhesion blood vessel
Liver
Diaphragm
Liver
Liver
Liver
Telangiectasia
Lipidosis, cholestasis and gall
bladder dilatation
Liver
Systemic passive congestion
Congestion and diffuse
fibrosis.
Liver (calf)
Systemic passive congestion
secondary to Neospora
myocarditis
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicity
Crotalaria, Senecium,
Cynoglossum, Heliotropium,
Echium,, Amsinckia,
Symphytum
Congestion and diffuse fibrosis
Liver
Livers
Diffuse severe panlobular
fibrosis (cirrhosis)
1) Normal
2) Nutmeg
3) Fibrosing cholangitis
Multifocal necrosis
Liver
Salmonellosis
Salmonella enterica
Liver
Arcanobacterium pyogenes,
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Multiple abscesses
Liver
Bacteria
Liver
Peritoneum
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium bovis
Septic peritonitis
Umbilical and hepatic
abscesses (Suppurative
omphalitis and hepatitis)
Biliary caseous cholangitis
Peritoneum
Emaciation
Peritoneum
Fibrinous peritonitis
Serous atrophy of fat
Fat necrosis
3
Pathogenesis, comments
Trauma, congenital (Guernsey,
Jersey), ketosis (a total of 15
possible causes).
Dorsal, due to rectal palpation or
malicious; obstructions.
DD: Lymphoma.
Congenital; often observed in
cloned calves.
Fibrous adhesion with blood
vessel  traction  focal mild
ischemia  focal lipidosis.
Older cows; estrogen related?
DD: ketosis, endometritis and
other infections with
endotoxemia; fat cow syndrome.
DD: Cardiac (malformation,
myocarditis [Neospora], necrosis
(bacteria, viruses, ionophores);
Pulmonary (pneumonia,
thrombosis).
DD: see above.
Cytopathic effect and mitosis
inhibition causing hepatic portal
fibrosis with bile duct
hyperplasia and megalocytes.
Photosensitivity dermatitis.
DD # 3: Fascioliasis, calculi.
DD: BHV-1 (gray foci), Listeria
monocytogenes, other Gramnegative bacteria; autolysis.
Ruminitis  portal bacterial
emboli  hepatic abscesses 
rupture in vena cava  1) no
consequences 2) vegetative
endocarditis, lung abscess 
possible erosion of blood vessels
 exsanguination 3) sudden
death due to septic shock.
DD: E. coli, Salmonella, A.
pyogenes, others; often right side
involvement following the veins.
Ruptures and perforations with
sepsis; septicemia.
Malnutrition; chronic diseases;
maldentition.
Trauma, congenital (Guernsey,
Organ
Etiology/Disease
Gross Diagnosis
Pathogenesis, comments
Jersey), ketosis (a total of 15
possible causes).
Mesentery
Peritoneum
Lymphoma
Carcinomatosis
Lymphoma
Carcinomatosis
Muzzle
Infectious Bovine
Rhinotracheitits
Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1)
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Ovine Herpesvirus-2
Erosive mucocutaneous
dermatitis and gingivitis (and
rhinitis)
Erosive mucocutaneous
dermatitis and gingivitis (and
rhinitis)
Cystic glands
DD: BVDV, MCF, rinderpest,
bluetongue.
Larynx
Haemophilus somnus
Ulcer
Ulcer  Entry of infection.
Larynx-pharynx
Balling gun injury
Necrotizing pharyngitis and
laryngitis with intralesional
exogenous foreign body (boli)
Trachea
Mycotic tracheitis
Multifocal necrohemorrhagic
tracheitis
Trachea
Infectious Bovine
Rhinotracheitis
Bovine herpesvirus 1 and
secondary bacteria
Fibrinonecrotic tracheitis
From uterine or intestinal
adenocarcinoma.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Muzzle
Sinuses
Lungs
Lung
Lung
Lung
Lung
Lung
Lung
Rib cage
Lung
Pneumonic pasteurellosis
(shipping fever)
Pasteurella multocida
Pneumonic “mannheimiosis”
(shipping fever)
Mannheimia
haemolytica
Pneumonic pasteurellosis
(shipping fever)
Pasteurella multocida
Lung
Exsanguination and agonal
respiratory distress. Common.
DD: Mannheimia haemolytica;
Haemophilus spp.
Cranioventral (suppurative)
hemorrhagic
bronchopneumonia
DD: Pasteurella multocida,
thrombocytopenic BVDV-2.
Chronic suppurative
bronchopneumonia with
bronchiectasis and abscesses
DD: Pasteurella multocida,
Mannheimia haemolytica,
Haemophilus spp.,
Arcanobacterium pyogenes.
DD: Parainfluenza 3 virus (little
pathogenic), BVDV.
DD: Mannheimia haemolytica;
Haemophilus spp. Possible
severe pleuritis with bacterial
thoracic empyema.
DD: Mannheimia haemolytica;
Haemophilus spp, A. pyogenes.
DD: Mannheimia haemolytica;
Haemophilus spp, A. pyogenes.
PPLO = pleuropneumonia-like
organisms.
Bronchointerstitial pneumonia
Pasteurellosis
Pasteurella multocida
Pasteurellosis
Pasteurella multocida
Contagious Bovine
Pleuropneumonia (CBPP)
Mycoplasma mycoides subsp.
mycoides small colony type
(PPLO)
Fibrinous pleuritis
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Secondary to BVDV-MD.
Anemia and interstitial
emphysema
Cranioventral (suppurative)
bronchopneumonia
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial
Pneumovirus
Pneumonic pasteurellosis
(shipping fever)
Pasteurella multocida
Lung
DD: BVDV, BHV-1, rinderpest,
bluetongue.
Cranioventral hemorrhagic and
necrotizing pneumonia
(sequestrum formation)
Fibrinous pleuritis and
abscesses
Necrosuppurative and
fibrinous broncho-pnemonia
with pleuritis (and interstitial
edema with lymphatic
thrombosis)
As above with renal infarcts
(containing PPLO)
Abscess
4
Organ
Etiology/Disease
Lung
Gross Diagnosis
Lung
Pulmonary artery rupture and
hemorrhage
(Septic) thrombus
Lung
Focal gangrenous pneumonia
Lung
Inhalation (ab ingestis)
pneumonia
Mycotic pneumonia
Aspergillus spp. Rhyzopus,
others Zygomycetes;
Proliferative pneumonia
Secondary to bacterial and/or
viral pneumonia
Allergic pneumonia
Micropolyspora faeni
Diffuse pneumonia
Trachea and bronchi
Bronchial lymph nodes
and lung
Dictyocaulus viviparus
Lymphoma
Catarrhal tracheobronchitis
Lymphoma
Heart
Heart
Emaciation
Lung
Lung
Lung
Multifocal necrotizing
pneumonia
Proliferative pneumonia
Proliferative (eosinophilic and
lymphoplasmacytic)pneumonia
Pathogenesis, comments
Secondary to vegetative septic
endocarditis.
Secondary to septic thrombus
DD: Inhalation (ab ingestis)
pneumonia.
Iatrogenic (stomach tube).
Rarely predisposed by
leukopenic salmonellosis and/or
BVDV.
DD: Tryptophan (3-metyl
indole), moldy sweet potatoes,
perilla mint; ascarid migration.
Bovine equivalent of farmer’s
lung. DD: Toxocara vitulorum
migration, Hypoderma spp.
larvae migration.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Serous atrophy of fat
Epicardial granulation tissue
Heart valves
Serous lymphatic cyst
Heart valve
Hematic vascular cyst
Heart
Incomplete subaortic stenotic
fibrotic ring
Heart
Interventricular septal defect
Heart
Interventricular septal defect
and abscesses
Vegetative valvular (septic)
endocarditis
Heart valve
Heart
Traumatic septic pericarditis
Hardware disease
Heart
Heart
Jugular vein
Lymphoma
Fibrinous epicarditis and
pericarditis
Fibrosing dilatative
cardiomyopathy
Lymphoma
(Septic) thrombosis
5
Epicardial-pericardial serosal
friction. Frequent incidental
finding.
Segmental closure of lymphatic
circulation. Increasing in number
with age.
Segmental closure of blood
vessels. Increasing in number
with age, sometimes present at
birth.
Congenital. DD: jet fibrotic
lesion secondary to valvular
dysplasia.
Common, often compatible with
life.
Valvular dysplasia  bacteremia
(foot abscess, mastitis, etc.) 
fibrin thrombi  bacterial
proliferation  VVE  emboli
to lung (RV), emboli to kidney
and other sites (LV).
DD: septicemia in calves (rare).
Genetic. Brown Swiss, Japanese
black cattle, Angus, SimmenthalHolstein, Holstein.
Especially on the right side;
frequent location as well as
abomasum, lymphoid organs and
uterus.
Venipuncture with
bacteremia/septicemia. Lung
embolism  abscesses,
gangrenous pneumonia.
Organ
Etiology/Disease
Gross Diagnosis
Large splanchnic vein
Thrombosis
Pulmonary artery
Rupture with acute
hemorrhage
Uterine artery
Ruminal artery
Vena cava
Suppurative perforation of
adjacent abscess
Aorta
Johne’s disease
(paratuberculosis)
Mineralization
Skeletal muscle
White muscle disease
(Enzootic myopathy)
Vit. E and Se responsive
disease
Necrosis and mineralization
Skeletal muscle
Black leg
Clostridium chauvoei
Gangrenous myositis
Pathogenesis, comments
Sepsis (A.pyogenes); abomasal
displacements.
Vascular dysplasia (aneurism,
dysgenesis of elastic fibers
[copper deficiency, lathyrism]).
May occur in small epizootics.
Consequences: 1) none 2) septic
shock 3) vegetative endocarditis
4) lung abscesses.
Sporadic, cause unknown. DD:
Vitamin D poisoning: Cestrum
diurnum, Solanum malacoxylon,
Trisetum flavescens).
SKELETAL MUSCLE
Coccygeal mm.
Skeletal muscle
Caudal ascending gangrenous
myositis
Also heart and tongue. DD: toxic
plants Vitamin D poisoning:
Cestrum diurnum, Solanum
malacoxylon, Trisetum
flavescens).
Compression necrosis
(compartmental syndrome).
Spores in the muscle  trauma
(other)  proliferation  toxins
 vascular necrosis 
hemorrhage ischemia and
necrosis. DD: Malignant edema
(Cl. septicum),
Docking  secondary bacterial
infection.
Cysticercosis
Cysticercus bovis (larva of
Taenia saginata)
URINARY SYSTEM
Kidney
Kidney
Kidney
Kidney
Kidney
Kidney
Kidneys
Kidney
Kidney
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
Urinary bladder
Disseminated Intravascular
Coagulation
Bacillary hemoglobinuria
Clostridium haemolyticum.
Babesiosis,
Babesia bovis
“White Spotted Kidney”
Gram negative bacteria
Corynebacterium renale
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium bovis
Lymphoma
Lymphoma
Lymphoma
A. pyogenes
Pteridium aquilinum
(Bracken fern) and
papillomavirus
Unilateral agenesis,
hydronephrosis and
hydroureter
Multifocal (ischemic) necrosis
Congenital (compatible with a
couple of years of life).
Pigmentary (hemoglobinuric)
tubular necrosis
Pigmentary (hemoglobinuric)
tubular necrosis.
DD: Babesiosis, anaplasmosis;
myoglobinuria due to myopathy.
DD: Anaplasma marginale,
Clostridium haemolyticum;
myoglobinuria due to myopathy.
DD: Theileria parva, Leptospira.
Multifocal (interstitial
lymphocytic) nephritis
Lipidosis, infarct, cysts
Bilateral pyelonephritis
Granulomatous nephritis
Lymphoma
Lymphoma
Lymphoma
Abscess
Adenocarcinoma
6
Also granuloma  blood vessel
obstruction  infarct.
DD: C. renale.
Organ
Calf
Etiology/Disease
Gross Diagnosis
BONE
Chondrodysplasia
(Bulldog calf)
Carpus
Joint
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Tibia
Jaw
Ribs
Actinomyces bovis
(“lumpy jaw”)
Ca:P imbalance
Vertebrae
Metatarsus
Degenerative joint disease
Metatarsus
Ribs (calf)
Skull
Dwarfism
Cerebellum
Bovine pestivirus (BVDV)
Suppurative arthritis
Fibrinosuppurative
osteoarthritis
Necrotizing physeal chondritisosteomyelitis
Chronic pyogranulomatoous
osteolytic osteomyelitis
Linear osteodystrophy
(osteodystrophic lines)
Spondilosis
(Degenerative)
osteoarthropathy (with
subcondral eburnation)
Metaphyseal fracture
Multiple chronic fractures with
calluses
Dysplastic cranial parietal
bones
Pathogenesis, comments
Severe inherited ossification
defect with cartilage persistence.
Secondary to septicemia DD:
Mycoplasma spp. (clearer fluid).
Dystocia.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Cerebellum
Brain
Brain
Brain
Thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency
Dysplasia –hypoplasia –aplasia
Edema with caudal
displacement (occipital
herniation) and coning
Cerebrocortical
polioenecephalomalacia
Thrombotic
meningoencephalitis (TME)
Haemophilus somnus.
Escherichia coli
Multifocal necrosuppurative
thrombotic
meningoencephalitis
Fibrinosuppurative meningitis
Listeriosis
Listeria monocytogenes
Malacia (necrosuppurative
meningorhombencephalitis)
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Abscess
Lymphoma
Schwannoma
Eye
Lymphoma
Schwannomatosis
(former neurofibromatosis)
Bacteria
Eye
Conjunctiva
BHV-1
Brain
Brainstem
Pituitary gland
Brain
Pachymeninges
Nerve
Cornea
Cornea – 3rd eyelid
Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Hypopion (anterior chamber
fibrinosuppurative
ophthalmitis)
Dehydration
Conjuctivitis
Keratitis with opacity
Squamous cell carcinoma
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ovary
Granulosa cell tumor
7
DD: Bluetongue, Bunyaviruses
(Akabane, Aino).
Vit B1 cofactor in oxaloacetate
metabolism in Krebs cycle.
Causes: Ruminal Bacillus
thiaminolyticus, ruminal sulfates,
poor diet.
Wood’s lamp identification.
Also septicemia, pneumonia,
abortion, polyarthritis, tracheal
ulcers.
DD: A. pyogenes, other Gram
negative bacteria; secondary to
septicemia.
DD: MCF, rinderpest,
bluetongue, Moraxella bovis,
Chlamydophila.
Organ
Uterus
Uterus
Uterus
Etiology/Disease
Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Tritrichomoniasis
Tritrichomonas foetus
Uterus
Gross Diagnosis
Torsion of pregnant uterus
Necrotizing endometritis
Pyometra
Uterus
Retained placenta with
suppurative endometritis
Retained placenta with exudate
concretions
Adventitial placentation with
caruncle hypoplasia
Caseous (granulomatous)
metritis
Adenocarcinoma
Vagina
Ulcerative vaginitis
Uterus
Uterus
Uterus
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium bovis
Pathogenesis, comments
DD: E. coli, other gram negative
and gram positive bacteria;
opportunistic BHV-4.
DD: A. pyogenes.
Secondary to endometrial
necrosis.
Also salpingitis
Rapidly metastasizes to the
lungs; small size, well
differentiated or anaplastic.
Parturition trauma (dystocia).
PLACENTA and FETUS
Bovine placenta
Allantoic calculus
(“boomane”)
Amnion
Normal
Amniotic plaques
Brain
Brain
Cerebellum
Bluetongue orbiviruses
Fetus
Bovine pestivirus
Multifocal epithelial
hyperplasia
Porencephaly
Hydranencephaly
Dysplasia –Hypoplasia –
Aplasia
Multiple malformations
Head
Bluetongue orbiviruses
Craniofacial malformations
Chorioallantois
Brucellosis
Brucella abortus
Necrosuppurative (and
granulomatous) chorionitis
Polyserositis and
hepatomegaly (granulomatous
hepatitis)
Polyserositis
Chronic necrosuppurative
chorionitis
Bovine pestivirus (BVDV)
Fetus
Fetus
Chorioallatois
Fetus
Fetus
Fetus
Heart and liver
Escherichia coli
Chlamydiosis
(Enzootic abortion)
Chlamydophila abortus
Epizootic abortion
Borrelia spp.
Mycotic abortion
Neosporosis
Neospora caninum
Granulomatous (hepatitis) and
lymphadenitis
Hyperkeratotic dermatitis
Anasarca
Incidental finding.
DD: BVDV, Bunyaviruses
(Akabane, Aino)
DD: Bluetongue, bunyaviruses
(Akabane, Aino).
DD: Bluetongue, bunyaviruses
(Akabane, Aino), Veratrum
californicum (false ellebore).
DD: BVDV, Bunyaviruses
(Akabane, Aino), Veratrum
californicum (false ellebore).
Soft caramel candy exudate. DD:
Campylobacter spp.
DD: Brucella.
DD: Brucella, Campylobacter,
Bacillus.
Transmitted by Ornithodorus
tick. DD: Chlamydophila
abortus. Chlamydiaceae were
previously suspected as a
possible cause of this abortion.
DD: Viruses.
Myocarditis and hepatic
congestion and fibrosis
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Tunica vaginalis
Mesothelioma
8
Sporadic in young bulls.
Progressive growth toward the
Organ
Etiology/Disease
Gross Diagnosis
Pathogenesis, comments
peritoneal serosa.
Glans penis
Glans penis
Papillomavirus
Fibropapilloma
Persistent frenulum
SKIN
Skin
Mammary skin
Foot
Herpetic mammillitis Bovine
herpesvirus 3. (BHV-3)
Bovine pestivirus (BVDV)
Foot
Scrotum
Malignant catarrhal fever
herpesvirus (AlHV1; OHV-2)
Foot
Acute laminitis
Skin
Mycotic dermatitis
Trichophyton spp.,
Microsporum spp.
Cutaneous myiasis
(Hypodermosis)
Hypoderma bovis
Lymphoma
Mast cell tumor
Schwannomatosis
(former neurofibromatosis)
Mycobacterium avium
complex
Skin
Skin
Skin
Skin
Skin
Leukotrichia
Ulcerative mammary
dermatitis
Interdigital erosive and
ulcerative dermatitis
Chronic erosive and ulcerative
dermatitis and coronitis.
Chronic erosive and ulcerative
scrotal dermatitis
Keratogenic laminar necrosis
and detachment (with third
phalanx sinking and/ or
rotation)
Trauma ?
DD: Bluetongue, FMD, parapox.
DD: MCF, rinderpest, FMD,
bacteria.
DD: BVDV, bluetongue, FMD,
rinderpest, caustic poisons
(NaOH).
Endotoxemia, pneumonia,
endogenous and iatrogenic
corticosteroids, fever, plant
alkaloids. 1) vasconstriction or
thrombosis with ischemic
necrosis 2) increased perfusion
with activation of metalloproteinases.
Multifocal pyogranulomatous
dermatitis
Eosinophilic dermatitis.
Lymphoma
Mast cell tumor
Schwannoma
Caseous granulomatous
dermatitis
DD: Lymphoma
DD: TB (M.bovis)
MAMMARY GLAND
Streptococcus uberis
Acute mastitis
Staphylococcus aureus
Focal mastitis with dermal
gangrene
Gangrenous mastitis
Necrosuppurative mastitis
Mammary gland
Mycotic mastitis
9
DD: A. pyogenes, Mycoplasma,
E.coli, Nocardia, fungus.
Organ
Etiology/Disease
Gross Diagnosis
Pathogenesis, comments
OVINE and CAPRINE
Oral cavity
Contagious ecthyma (Orf)
Parapoxvirus
Haemonchosis
Haemonchus spp.
Proliferative papular cheilitis
and stomatitis
Hemorrhagic abomasitis
DD: FMD.
Small intestine
Intestine
Escherichia coli
Johne disease
(paratuberculosis)
Mycobacterium avium
paratuberculosis.
DD: Clostridium spp.
Small intestine
Coccidiosis
Eimeria spp.
Enteritis
Granulomatous
enterotyphlocolitis,
lymphadenitis and
lymphangitis with serous
atrophy of fat
Multifocal proliferative
enteritis
(Signet ring) adenocarcinoma
with carcinomatosis
Atresia
Lipidosis
Hepatic lipidosis and fat
necrosis. Metabolic disease
Hypoglycemia, ketonemia,
ketonuria, weakness and
blindness. Rapid grow of twin or
triplet fetuses, declining
nutrition and stress.
Septicemia, Rhombencephalitis,
abortion. DD: other bacterial
embolic showers.
Abomasum
Small intestine
Anus
Mesentery
Liver
Cysticercus tenuicollis
(Taenia hydatigena)
Pregnancy toxemia.
Liver
Listeriosis
Listeria monocytogenes
Liver
Dicrocoeliosis
Dicrocoelium dendriticum
Fascioliasis
Fasciola hepatica
Fascioliasis
Fascioloides magna
Hydatidosis
Echinococcous g. granulosus
Copper poisoning
Liver
Liver
Liver
Liver
Kidney
Kidney
Kidney
Congenital C3 deficiency
Kidney
Clostridiosis
(“pulpy kidney”)
Kidney
Ethmoid
Nasal cavities
Lung
Lung
Multiple microabscesses
(multifocal suppurative
hepatitis)
Necrotizing hepatitis
Hepatic necrosis and
cholestasis
Pigmentary (hemoglobinuric)
tubular necrosis
Tubular necrosis
Also bottlejaw edema and
severer anemia (pale).
Synergistic effect on Clostridium
novy
Also lung.
DD: E. multilocularis.
Excessive Cu++ accumulation in
hepatocytes  necrosis and Cu++
release  hemolysis  renal
tubular pigmentary necrosis.
DD: Hg, plant toxicity (oak).
Membranous
glomerulonephritis
Precocious autolysis
Hydronephrosis
Enzootic nasal
adenocarcinoma
Retrovirus type A
Oestrus ovis
Caseous lymphadenitis
Corynebacterium
pseudotuberculosis
Ovine progressive pneumonia
Ovine retrovirus
Adenocarcinoma
Catarrhal rhinitis
Caseous pneumonia
Chronic proliferative
pneumonia
10
1) pneumonia 2) encephalitis 3)
mastitis 4) polyartritis.
Organ
Etiology/Disease
Lung
Verminous bronchopneumonia
Muellerius capillaris
Dictyocaulus filaria
Lung
Sheep pox
Ovine poxvirus
Pneumonic pasteurellosis
(shipping fever) Pasteurella
multocida
Contagious bronchioloalveolar
carcinoma of sheep
(adenomatosis)
Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus
(JSRV)
Lung
Lung
Joint
Gross Diagnosis
Dorsal multifocal
(lymphocytic and
eosinophilic)
bronchopneumonia
Multifocal necrotizing and
granulomatous pneumonia
Cranioventral suppurative
bronchopneumonia
Pathogenesis, comments
DD: sheep pox
DD: Verminous pneumonia
chronic arthritis
CAE
retrovirus
Skull
Verminous encephalitis
Paraelaphostrongylus tenuis
Brain
Thiamine (Vit B1) deficiency
Cerebrocortical
polioenecephalomalacia
Brain
Clostridium perfringens type
D
Cenurosis
Coenurus cerebralis
(Taenia multiceps)
Focal symmetrical
encephalomalacia
Brain
Newborns
Causes malacia in sheep and
camelids during migration.
Fetal diarrhea and
arthrogryposis
(Congenital) goiter
Fetus
Vit B1 cofactor in oxalacetate
metabolism in Krebs cycle.
Causes: Ruminal Bacillus
thiaminolyticus, ruminal
sulfates, poor diet.
Associated with joint laxity.
Brain
Brain
Bluetongue
Hydranencephaly
Hypoplasia- Dysplasia
Brain
Copper deficiency
Flat gyri (hypomielination)
DD: BVDV, Akabane,
Weelbron’s ds, RVF, Chace
Valley.
DD: border disease
Chorioallantois and fetus
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma gondii
Query (Q) fever
Coxiella burnetii
Campylobacteriosis
Campylobacter spp.
Actinobacillus seminis
Chorion necrosis and fetal
mummification
Necrotizing chorionitis
DD: Chlamydophila abortus,
Coxiella burnetii, Brucella ovis.
Chalky exudate
Multifocal necrosis
Almost pathognomonic.
Suppurative epididymitis
DD: Brucella ovis, others
bacteria.
DD: Brucella ovis,
Actinobacillus seminis, C.
pseudotuberculosis.
Chorioallantois
Fetus liver
Epididymis
Testis
Orchitis
Testis
M. gland
Caprine retrovirus
Thymus
Thymoma (thymic carcinoma)
Mineralization
Chronic mastitis
11
1) encephalomyelitis 2)
polyarthritis 3) mastitis 4)
pneumonia. DD: Mycoplasma
spp.
DD: lymphoma
Organ
Etiology/Disease
Gross Diagnosis
12
Pathogenesis, comments