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Animals including Humans
Year 3
Lesson 5
LI: To understand the function of muscles
and joints
What muscles do you know in the
human body?
Why do we need muscles?
How do muscles work?
• Muscle contraction as an active process and
relaxation as being passive and that muscles
work in pairs.
Tendons, Ligaments and Cartilage
• Tendons - connective tissue which attaches muscle to bone. When a
muscle contracts to move a joint, it is the tendon which pulls on the bone.
• Ligaments - strong bands which connect bone to bone at the joint.
• Cartilage - soft cushioning substance which covers the ends of the bones.
It reduces the rubbing of bone on bone.
Different types of joints
Where the bones meet, we have joints.
1. Hinge joints - found at the elbow and at the
knee and allow movement in one direction.
2. Ball and socket joints - found at the shoulder
and at the hip and allow movement in three
directions.
3. Gliding - found at the wrist between the
hand and arm.
4. Saddle - a flexible joint found in the thumb.
Creating an arm
1. Cut 2 pieces of card to represent the bone.
2. To create the elbow joint, join the bone using a split pin (be
careful when doing this!)
3. Cut 2 pieces of string which are 10cm long. These will be the
muscles.
4. Pull the bones into alignment.
5. Attach the right hand piece of string above and below the
split-pin joint.
6. The left hand muscle needs to be relaxed when in this
position so needs to be attached lower than the right hand
muscle.
Model
Arm Straight
Arm Bent
Set of instructions
• Write a list of
instructions about
what happens when
you decide to bend
your arm.
Plenary
• What would happen if we did not use our
muscles?