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Periodic Trends Arrangement • Elements are arranged according to atomic number – Number of protons – Not atomic mass Group/Family • Vertical column in the periodic table • 18 groups • Elements in same group – Same physical and chemical properties • Same number of electrons in last energy level • Example: – Group 18 • All gases • All unreactive • Same number of electrons in last energy level Valence electrons • Electrons in the last energy level of an atom – Involved in chemical reactions and bonding – Coincides with the unit’s place on the group number except for Groups 3 - 12 • Group 1: 1 valence electron • Group 2: 2 v.e. • Group 18: 8 v.e. except for He Lewis Dot Diagram • Shows the number of valence electrons in a neutral atom • Each dot represents 1 valence electron Lewis Structure Practice Carbon Hydrogen Calcium Oxygen Metals • Left and middle of periodic table except H • Properties: – Ductile: drawn into a wire – Malleable: hammered into thin sheets – Good conductors of heat/electricity – Luster: shine – Solid at room temperature (except for Hg) Nonmetals • Far right side of periodic table • Properties – Brittle: break when hammered – Lack luster – Poor conductors – Solid or gas at room temperature (except Br) Metalloids (Semi-metals) • Along the black line that divides metals and nonmetals • Have properties of both metals and nonmetals 3 states of matter • Liquid: – Hg and Br • Gas: – all the noble gases (group 18) – and O, F, N, H, Cl • Solid: – rest of the elements in the periodic table Ions • Charged elements • Metals – Positive ions (lose electrons) to have a complete valence shell Magnesium Mg2+ • Nonmetals – Negative ions (gain electrons) to fill valence shell – Nitrogen N3- Relationship between charge and group • • • • • • • • Group 1= +1 Group 2= +2 Group 13= +3 Group 14 = =/- 4 Group 15= -3 Group 16= -2 Group 17 = -1 Group 18= 0 State the charge of the following elements as ions Fluorine Phosphorus Beryllium Aluminum