* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Lecture Notes_Islam_Key Concepts
Islam and violence wikipedia , lookup
Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam wikipedia , lookup
Imamah (Shia) wikipedia , lookup
Criticism of Islamism wikipedia , lookup
Gender roles in Islam wikipedia , lookup
Sources of sharia wikipedia , lookup
Reception of Islam in Early Modern Europe wikipedia , lookup
Succession to Muhammad wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Indonesia wikipedia , lookup
Spread of Islam wikipedia , lookup
Zanj Rebellion wikipedia , lookup
Islam in Bangladesh wikipedia , lookup
Islamic democracy wikipedia , lookup
Historicity of Muhammad wikipedia , lookup
Islam and secularism wikipedia , lookup
History of early Islamic Tunisia wikipedia , lookup
Islam and other religions wikipedia , lookup
Islamic ethics wikipedia , lookup
Islamic Golden Age wikipedia , lookup
Islamic culture wikipedia , lookup
Islam and modernity wikipedia , lookup
Islamic socialism wikipedia , lookup
Schools of Islamic theology wikipedia , lookup
Islamic schools and branches wikipedia , lookup
Political aspects of Islam wikipedia , lookup
History of Islam wikipedia , lookup
Key Concept 3.1: Expansion & Intensification of Communication & Exchange Networks Cross-Cultural Exchange Environmental Knowledge & Technological Adaptation o Sasanids and Byzantines Subsidized Arab chieftains to protect their empire from invasion o Arab pastoralists Southern, remained isolated and independent seldom engaging the attention of the shahs or emperors In these interior lands Islam took form “Empty Quarter” o Caravan trading Link among people Nomads derived income from providing camels, guides and safe passages to merchants Dominance of the caravan trade was boosted with the invention of the militarily efficient camel saddle Contributed to the rise of Arab-dominated caravan cities Mecca o Pilgrimage city as well: Ka’ba and Abraham’s sacrifice of his son (Ishmael not Isaac) Languages o Arabic Not adopted by entire empire Islam o Medina Haija (marks beginning of calendar year) Umma o Conquests spread religion Arab conquests began under the second caliph Umar Took Syria and Egypt from Byzantines Defeated the Sasanid shah Conquered Tunisia, Spain, and Pakistan (Sind) Prohibited from assuming ownership of land conquered o Military service: regular pay, military camps o Kept army together and ready for action and preserved normal life in the countryside Led by Muhammad’s close companions Authority of Medina reestablished with Abu Bakr, ensured obedience Ruling minority of Arabs lived off the taxes paid by those conquered o Umayyad Caliphate First Caliphates Syrians Fell to Shi’ite and Kharijite attacks questioning the Umayyad family’s legitimacy Non-Syrian Arabs envied the Syrian domination of the caliphs and the more pious Muslims resented the secular behavior of the caliphs o Abbasid Caliphate The family of Abbas, Muhammad’s uncle controlled the secret organization that led the revolt to take down the Umayyad Befriended their relatives in Ali’s family Held power until Mongols killed the last of them in Baghdad Cross-Cultural Diffusion Christianity o Arabs accompanying the caravans became familiar with the lifestyles of the Sasanid and Byzantine Empires and many adopted a form of Christianity Islam Abu Baker o Quran Word of God not of Muhammad o Sharia (became a religion/way of life) o Hadith A tradition relating the words or deeds of Muhammad Referenced through chain of oral authorities Southeast Asia Sub-Saharan Africa o Ghana Trade Due to Large Empire o Islamic Empire Trading cities o Baghdad As more Arabs converted to Islam, the ruling elite in Baghdad became more cosmopolitan Greek, Iranian, and Central Asian cultural currents that met in the capital gave ride to literary works The Arabian Nights o Reflected the splendor of the Abbasid court Fragmentation of the Abbasid Empire between 850-1050 cut the flow of tax revenues to Baghdad thereby increasing local prosperity o Ghana Salt for Copper and manufactured goods Land of gold First lands outside of the orbit of the caliphate to experience a gradual and peaceful conversion to Islam Luxury goods Commercial Tech aided this spread o Caravanserai o Camel Saddles Economic tools o Government coins Muslim silver and gold coins represented new order Silver dirhams and gold dinars bearing Arabic religious phrases circulated in monetary exchanges from Morocco to the frontiers of China Key Concept 3.2: Continuity & Innovation of State Forms & Their Interactions Two groups dominate the politics of this era: Islam (661-1258 CE) o Medina City-state Muhammad had unchallenged control of a state that was coming to dominate the Arabian peninsula New Forms of Government o Caliphate Caliph “Successor” Abu Bakr Muhammad ALONE could receive revelations Did not leave instructions for a successor Unclear of powers Muslim armies fought to confirm the authority of the Caliphate o Led by succession of Caliphs until 1258 o NEED TO KNOW Abbasids See below Muslim Iberia (Al-Andalus) Islamic Spain Last remaining Umayyad from the Abbasid rebellions fled to Spain and developed a principality Cut off from the rest of the Islamic World by the Strait of Gibraltar Blended Roman, German, Jewish, Berber and Arab cultures Represented the political diversity and local awareness that coincided with Abbasid decline Islamic Umma stayed in tacked o Sunni and Shi’a After the third caliph Uthman was assassinated, Ali (Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law) was nominated as caliph Two of Muhammad’s companions and his favorite wife A’isha challenged him and he defeated them in the Battle of the Camel After the battle, the governor of Syria, Mu’awiya (kinsman of Uthman from the Umayya clan of the Quraysh) challenged him Inconclusive battle = Arbitration Ali rejected conclusion, but was assassinated by his own supporter Mu’awiya offered the caliph to Ali’s son Hasan Then Mu’awiya chose his OWN son Yazid to succeed him… Umayyad Caliphate Hasan’s brother Husayn revolted and Yazid had him and his family killed Husayn’s martyrdom transformed Shi’ism from a political movement into a religious sect Shi’a Ali and his descendants are the rightful Imams Caliph is a secular office Sunni Caliphs are Imams Community should select its own leadership Imams are fallible Kharijite Reject the infallibility of the Imam Extremist o Caliphate differs from the Pope Does not have the power to define true belief, expel heretics, and discipline clergy, little basis for reestablishing their universal authority once they lost political and military power o Took on Persian Influences Abbasid roots in semi-Persianized Arabs of Khurasan Adopted the ceremonies and customs of the Sasanid shahs o Islamic growth that lead to the Crusades o Cultural transfer Abbasids with Tang China Key Concept 3.3: Increased Economic Productive Capacity & Its Consequences Labor management Military o Umayyad Prohibited from assuming ownership of land conquered Military service: regular pay, military camps Kept army together and ready for action and preserved normal life in the countryside o Abbasid Fragmentation due to breakaway provinces led to a mistrust of generals and troops Caliphs purchases Turkic slaves: mamluks Standing army When the government could not pay them, the mamluks took it upon themselves to seat and unseat caliphs Samarra New capital The Truks could dominate Samarra without interference from an unruly Baghdad populace Taxes o Allowed Sasanid and Byzantine administrative practices to continue o Gradually replaces non0Muslim secretaries and tax officials with Muslims and introduce Arabic as the language of government Spread of Religions led to major changes Gender relations o Lived in seclusion and veiling in public Already in existence in Sasanid and Byzantine times Influential in the family but not in public roles Literate, but did not study with unrelated men Only slave women could preform before unrelated men as musicians and dancers A man could marry as many as four wives and have as many slave concubines as he wished Women had more rights under Islamic law than Christian women and Jewish women under their respective laws Daughters were granted an inheritance equal to hald that of a son Legal financial burden solely on the husband Women could remarry if their husbands divorced them and received a payment upon divorce Women could initiate divorce under specific conditions Could use birth control Could go on pilgrimage Worst “fears” of men: women infidelity and political manipulation