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PEACE & WAR IN EUROPE
1919 - 1945
To examine the end of the
First World War.
• The first World War began in 19__ and ended in November
19__. Afterwards the victorious allies made a peace
conference in January 19__. Make two columns in your
copy for victorious and losing countries:
VICTORIOUS COUNTRIES
LOSING COUNTRIES
• Write down four changes which the war produced.
• Which of the four changes was the most important? Why?
THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE
• The conference was held
after Britain, France, and
the USA defeated
Germany and AustriaHungary in World War I.
They had two problems
to deal with:
– What to do about
Germany.
– How to stop war breaking
out again.
It was attended by:
• President Wilson of the USA
wanted Germany to be treated
fairly and suggested a League of
Nations to keep peace.
• David Lloyd George, prime
minister of Britain, wanted to
impose harsh terms on
Germany.
• President Clemenceau of
France wanted revenge for
France; he wanted to keep
Germany weak.
Treaty of Versailles
• The Treaty of Versailles was made with Germany.
– The Rhineland was demilitarised (no German soldiers
could be there).
– Germany lost the Polish Corridor to Poland.
– Union with Austria (Anschluss) was forbidden.
– The German army was reduced to 100,000 soldiers.
– Germany had to accept the War Guilt Clause (admit it
caused the war).
– Germany had to pay reparation (compensation) of
£6.6 billion to the victorious allies.
• Germany had to sign the Treaty, but Germans
were very angry with the terms.
Treaty of Versailles
• The two aims of the treaty were to decide
what to do with Germany and to make sure
that war did not break out again.
• Do you think that their way of treating
Germany (a) helped or (b) hindered that aim?
Write a short paragraph explaining your
answer.
League of Nations
• The League of Nations was the idea of President Wilson
and was set up to maintain peace between countries.
The League had its headquarters in Geneva; it had an
Assembly where decisions had to be unanimous and a
Council where decisions also had to be unanimous. The
League sorted some small disputes between countries,
but it could not stop bigger countries doing what they
wanted to do.
– Italy invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia).
– Japan invaded Manchuria (China).
– Hitler and Germany often broke the rules of the Treaty of
Versailles.
League of Nations
Copy the diagram of the
League of Nations.
Write a sentence each on
the work of the Assembly
and the Council.
ASSEMBLY
THE
COMMITTEES
HEALTH
SLAVERY
REFUGEE
COUNCIL
LABOUR
League of Nations
• The League of Nations failed because:
– The League had no army; it only used sanctions or
boycotts to force countries to follow its decisions.
– The Council and Assembly had to be unanimous.
– The most powerful countries (such as the USA) were not
members.
What is the
message of the
picture?
DEMOCRACY & DICTATORSHIP
• A democracy is a form of government in which the
people, either directly or indirectly, take part in
governing. The word democracy originates from
Greek, and means rule of the people.
• A dictatorship is a country, government, or the form
of government in which absolute power is exercised
by a single person.
• Can you think of examples of both?
DEMOCRACY & DICTATORSHIP
• After the First World War
most countries in Europe
were democracies, where
citizens could freely elect
government and say and do
what they wanted.
• By the 1930s many
democracies were replaced
by dictatorships, where only
After the First World War, Britain
France and America said that they one party and one leader
were allowed and people
were fighting for democracy and
were restricted in what they
they encouraged Europeans to
said and did.
form democratic governments.
RUSSIA
• T___ N_______ II was ruler of Russia until the revolution in
1917. Led by L_____, Russians overthrew him because they
were unhappy about the d_____ and p______ following
World War I. L_____ was the leader of the c________ party.
C_________ believed that all industry should be owned by
the people who worked in them. This idea was popular with
the public but did not work well as members of the
c________ party were put in charge of industries and a
s_____ p_____ threatened anyone who disagreed. After
L_____’s death, S_____ took over. He took away farms and
forged state owned farms called c__________. The secret
police killed about __ million farmers. Millions of people
worked in l_____ c____ as slaves and made Russia a
p_______ country.
RUSSIA
• Both Lenin and Stalin were
communist dictators. They
had total control over
Russia, as they were the
only choice in elections.
• They both used
propaganda to promote
their image and the image
of Communist Russia. Look
at the following examples:
RUSSIA
• Communism uses state Socialism to carry out
social justice
Fascism uses State Socialism to control
production, to benefit, the state, or a certain
ethnic group.
IDENTIFY THE RULE OF EUROPEAN
COUNTRIES IN 1930s (see map on p77)
NAME OF
COUNTRY
DEMOCRACY
Britain
Russia
Germany
Y
DICTATORSHIP DICTATORSHIP
(FASCIST)
(COMMUNIST)
Y
Y
ITALY & MUSSOLINI
• Mussolini founded the Fascist
Party, also known as the
Blackshirts after World War 1. He
rose to power because:
– Italy suffered during WW1 and they
did not get land during the Treaty of
Versailles.
– The economy suffered, with high
unemployment and inflation.
– Businesses wanted a strong leader
to stop the spread of communism.
ITALY & MUSSOLINI
• The Fascist Party grew stronger as
they used violence against
socialists.
• The March on Rome – The Fascists
planned a March on Rome to
demand a place in government. The
king (Victor Emmanuel) was tired of
changes in government, so he asked
Mussolini to be Prime Minister of
Italy.
Fasces
symbol of Mussolini’s Fascist Party
ITALY & MUSSOLINI
• Mussolini developed a dictatorship:
– He passed a law that said that the party who got the majority of votes would
get two thirds of the seats in the next parliament. Fascists were the largest
party.
– The socialist leader was murdered by the Fascists and the Socialist party
withdrew from parliament.
– All political parties, other than the Fascist party were banned.
– He set up a secret police – OVRA.
– He controlled the press and radio.
• Propaganda was important to Mussolini:
– He called himself Il Duce and promoted himself.
– He got the media to promote the Fascist party.
– Schools and youth organisations praised Mussolini.
• Fascist changes and achievements:
–
–
–
–
Improved road system – autostrade
Drained the Pontine Marches near Rome.
Promoted the Battle for Grain and the Battle for Births.
The Lateran Treaty made peace with the Catholic Church.
ITALY & MUSSOLINI
• FOREIGN POLICY:
– He wanted to expand Italy’s power around the
Mediterranean Sea and invaded Abyssinia.
– Mussolini and Hitler improved their relations through
the Rome-Berlin Axis and the Pact of Steel, which made
them allies in war.
– Italy was weak in World War II and were supported by
the Germans.
– When the Allies invaded Italy, Mussolini was captured
and killed by Italians who were opposed to him.
TASK
• I found the Italian dictator a
very different man from
Hitler. Short in stature
(height) but with an air of
great authority (power), his
massive head gave an
impression of great
strength of character. He
handled people like a man
used to having his orders
obeyed but displayed an
immense charm. Mussolini
was calm and dignified and
spoke excellent German and
French.
• This is what a German
wrote about Mussolini in
1933.
1. Pick out four things that
the German said about
Mussolini.
2. Do you think the German
approved or disapproved
of Mussolini? Explain.
3. Can you suggest any
reason why this German
was writing about
Mussolini.
GERMANY
• What was Germany like
after the Versailles
Treaty?
• G______ lost the First World War. As it ended,
the e______ was replaced by a new d_________
government. But this government had a b__
start. It had to tell the G_____ armies to
surrender and it had to sign the hated T_____ of
V_________.
• Because of this, many G______ did not like the
d_________ government. They thought it had
ruined G______. They turned to a f______ party
founded by an ex-soldier, A____ Hitler. It was
called the N___ party.
WHY DID HITLER RISE TO POWER?
1. The weakness of the Weimar Republic – This was the
government in place after World War 1 and it was blamed
for the harsh terms of Versailles.
2. The Great Depression – After the Wall Street Crash in 1929,
German unemployment rose to 6 million.
3. Hitler’s Nazi Party – Became the largest party in Germany
through democratic elections before becoming fascist.
4. Hitler’s policies – He had popular policies on Versailles and
unemployment which were against the Weimar Republic.
5. Propaganda – He was a great public speaker and created a
powerful public image.
6. The SA (Brownshirts) and the SS (Blackshirts) used violence
to attack opposition parties.
7. Hitler became Chancellor of Germany on 30th January 1933.
DICTATORSHIP
• Hitler called an election and the SA and SS attacked
opposition parties. Hitler increased his seats.
• Hitler banned the Communist Party.
• Hitler passed the enabling law, which allowed him to rule by
decree.
• Hitler banned trade unions and used the Gestapo to put
down opposition.
• Hitler used the SS to kill the leader of the SA, Rohm, and
others who threatened his power in the Night of the Long
Knives – a series of political murders.
• When Hindenburg died, Hitler made himself president as well
as chancellor of Germany. Der Fϋhrer (the Leader).
PROPAGANDA
• Goebbels became the
minister for Propaganda.
He controlled the press,
radio, newspapers and
cinema. He controlled the
news they sent out.
– Hitler was glorified in a cult
of personality.
– The Nuremberg Rallies and
torchlight parades were
held.
– Hitler Youth and the League
of German Maidens.
PROPAGANDA
Hitler – I will free Germany!
The SA
PROPAGANDA
League of German Maidens
Healthy parents have healthy
children
THE NAZI ECONOMY
• Hitler improved the German economy:
– Reduced unemployment from 6 million to no
unemployment by 1939.
– Autobahns (motorways)
– Building of military vehicles. Conscription to the army.
HOMEWORK:
• Complete exercise 21 on page 103.
• Due on Thursday.
THE NAZIS AND THE JEWS
• Hitler hated the Jews (anti-Semitism).
– The Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of German
citizenship, banned their marriage to non-Jews and
forced them to wear the Star of David.
– In the Night of the Broken Glass (Kristallnacht), Jewish
shops and synagogues were attacked and 90 Jews were
killed.
– Many Jews emigrated, including Albert Einstein.
THE NAZIS AND THE JEWS
• During World War II, Hitler undertook the mass
murder of Jews. This was called the Final solution
by the Nazis; it is now called the Holocaust.
– Jews were rounded up in ghettoes and concentration
camps, such as Auschwitz.
– Himmler’s SS organised their execution, beginning with
the gassing of women, children and older men.
– Others were used as slave labour until they died.
– Some were buried in mass graves and others were burnt
in ovens.
– About 6 million Jews were killed.
THE NAZIS AND THE JEWS
• When Hitler became dictator of Germany, he
passed laws against Jewish people.
1. Write down three of those laws.
2. If you were a Jew at that time, which of the laws would
you dislike most? Explain your choice.
3. Draw a star of David. What did Nazis do with it? Where
might you see the Star today?
4. What was a ghetto? When were Jewish people herded
into ghettos?
PEOPLE IN HISTORY
• Imagine that you are
a member of the
Nazi Party. Describe
what life was like in
Germany under
Hitler.
MOVE TO WAR: 1933 – 39
• HITLER’S AIMS IN FOREGIN POLICY:
– Make Germany greater and full of German-speaking people.
– To gain Lebensraum (living space) in Eastern Europe for raw
materials and food.
– To destroy the Treaty of Versailles.
• FOREIGN POLICY IN ACTION:
– The Saar (coal producing area given to France after WW1)
voted to return to Germany.
– Rearmament of military with conscription and building war
vehicles.
– Sending troops into the Rhineland.
– Hitler improved relations with Mussolini.
HITLER & MUSSOLINI
• ROME-BERLIN AXIS –
Allowed Hitler to takeover
Austria in the Anschluss.
• PACT OF STEEL –
Commitment to help each
other in war.
MOVE TO WAR: 1933 – 39
• Britain and France followed
a policy of appeasement
where they gave into
Hitler’s demands in order
to prevent a war. They
thought Germany had
been treated badly in the
Versailles Treaty and
wanted to prevent a
repetition of WW1.
Do you think
appeasement
was a good idea?
Explain your
answer.
MOVE TO WAR: 1933 – 39
• Hitler demanded the Sudetenland – a German speaking
area – from Czechoslovakia. They refused but were
forced to hand it over following the Munich Conference
in order to prevent war.
• Hitler signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact with Stalin, which
included a 10 year non-aggression pact and an
agreement to divide Poland.
• Hitler demanded the Polish Corridor, which separated
most of Germany from East Prussia. Poland refused.
Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland on 1st September
1939.
• Two days later, Britain and France declared war on
Germany and World War II had begun.
GERMAN VICTORIES: 1939 – 45
1. What was the phoney
war?
2. Why did Hitler attack
Denmark and Norway?
3. What happened at
Dunkirk?
4. What was Operation
Sealion?
5. What was the Blitz?
6. What was Operation
Barbarossa?
What were the different types of warfare
used by the Nazis and the British? Which
do you think was the most effective?
Explain your answer.
GERMAN VICTORIES: 1939 – 45
• America joined the war when Japan attacked Pearl
Harbour in December 1941.
• THE WAR AT SEA: Britain and America won the war
at sea (Battle of the Atlantic) because of increased
shipbuilding and they cracked the German codes.
• THE WAR IN THE AIR: Both Britain and Germany
bombed each other resulting in huge civilian
casualties.
THE ALLIES ADVANCE: 1942 – 1945
• The allies advanced through Italy, killing Mussolini.
• The Soviet Union advanced from the East.
• On the 6th June 1944 (D Day – Operation Overlord),
the Allies planned a landing on the coast of
Normandy.
• They advanced to Paris and ultimately Berlin.
• Hitler committed suicide in his bunker in Berlin as
the Allied armies closed in. Germany surrendered.
1939
• Invasion of Poland
1940
• Denmark and Norway conquered
• Invasion and fall of France
• Dunkirk
• Battle of Britain – The Blitz
1941
• Invasion of Russia – Operation
Barbarossa
• Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
1942
• Battle of El Alamein
• Battle of Stalingrad
1943
• Battle of Stalingrad
1944
• D-Day
1945
• Hitler’s suicide – VE Day
• Atomic bombs in Japan – VJ Day
WHY DID THE ALLIES WIN
THE WAR?
•
•
•
•
Larger population and larger armies.
American tanks, planes and weapons.
The allies produced more oil than the Germans.
The Allies won the major battles of the war – Battle
of Britain, Stalingrad, D-Day.
RESULTS OF THEWAR
DRIVE TO
EUROPEAN
UNITY
55 MILLION
PEOPLE DIED
USA AND SOVIET
UNION BECAME
SUPERPOWERS –
EUROPE
WEAKENED
COLD WAR
BETWEEN AMERICA
AND THE SOVIET
UNION
RESULTS
CITIES,
INDUSTRIES,
ROADS, ETC
DESTROYED
WAR CRIMINALS
AT THE
NUREMBERG
TRIALS
GERMANY DIVIDED
BETWEEN SOVIET EAST
AND ALLIED WEST
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Re-write the following sentences with the missing words:
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
Mussolini’s followers were known as the _______.
After World War 1, many Italians were unhappy with the Treaty of
_______.
Many businessmen feared the spread of _______ and therefore
supported fascism.
After the March on _______, Mussolini was appointed prime minister
of Italy.
The _______ Treaty, signed with the Pope in 1929, recognised the
Vatican City as an independent state.
In 1935, the Italians invaded _______.
2. Give two reasons why Hitler came to power in Germany in
January 1933.
3. Explain three of the following terms relating to Germany under
Nazi control 1933 – 39: The Enabling Act; The Night of the Long
Knives; The Nuremberg Laws, Kristallnacht; The Gestapo.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Give two reasons why fascism became popular in
Europe in the 1920s and 1930s.
2. Give two reasons why Germans were dissatisfied
with the Versailles settlement.
3. Name two European countries created after World
War 1.
4. Write an account of one of the following:
a. The Blitz, 1940
b. Operation Barbarossa
c. The Holocaust
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Give two reasons why Fascist leaders gained
support in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s.
2. Write an account of one of the following:
a. Mussolini’s political achievements, 1922 – 39
b. Education and youth control in Nazi Germany
c. Hitler’s treatment of the Jews, 1933 – 39
3. Give two reasons why the League of Nations failed
to keep the peace in Europe during the 1930s.
LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Explain two of the following terms relating to Italy under
Mussolini, 1922 – 39: March on Rome; Lateran Treaty; OVRA;
Battle for Grain; Pact of Steel.
2. Mention two reasons why major European countries were willing
to appease Hitler during the 1930s.
3. World War II – Match Column A to Column B
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
Blitzkrieg
German invasion of the USSR
Phoney War
Nazi pan to invade Britain
Dunkirk
USA provides Britain with military materials
Operation Sea Lion
Swift mechanised military materials
Lend-Lease
British and French troops evacuated to England
Operation Barbarossa
The winter of 1939 – 40
4. Give two reasons why Germany was defeated in World War II