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ANIMAL DIVERSITY—STUDY GUIDE
I. Diversity of Animals
A. ca. 1,000,000 species of animals have been described
B. ca. 35 phyla of animals are recognized
C. Most animal phyla live in the ocean, but some phyla have colonized the
land.
D. Most land animals belong to the phyla:
1. Arthropoda (includes insects, spiders, ticks, scorpions,
crustaceans, etc.)
2. Mollusca (includes snails, slugs, bivalves, octopus, squid, etc.)
3. Chordata (includes vertebrates and two invertebrate groups)
E. ca. 95% of animal species are invertebrates
1. What is an invertebrate?
2. What is a vertebrate?
II. Characteristics of Animals (Mader pp. 8-9, 368)
A. All animals are heterotrophic.
1. What is a heterotroph?
2. What is an autotroph?
B. Most animals ingest their food.
1. What is ingestion?
2. What is absorption?
C. All animals are multicellular.
1. For each domain and kingdom of life, know whether:
a. all species are unicellular,
b. all species are multicellular, or
c. some species are unicellular, others are multicellular
2. Are any animals microscopic?
III. Diversity of Animal Skeletons (Mader pp. 554-555)
A. hydrostatic skeleton (present in some invertebrates)
1. fluid in a confined space
a. muscle contraction changes distribution of fluid, which
changes body shape
b. allows locomotion and other movements
2. examples: earthworm, jellyfish
B. exoskeleton (present in some invertebrates)
1. rigid outer covering
2. examples: insects, crabs
3. What is ecdysis?
C. endoskeleton (found only in vertebrates)
1. rigid internal structure
2. examples: fish, frogs, humans
IV. Vertebrates are classified in the Phylum Chordata. (Mader pp. 386-387)
V. The four characteristics shared by all Chordates are (Mader p. 386):
A.
B.
C.
D.
VI. “The Vertebrate Story” (Mader pp. 387–395)
A. A shift from filter feeding to active predation occurred early in vertebrate
history.
B. One vertebrate group colonized the land and then radiated extensively.
1. origin of limbs
2. many other modifications for terrestrial living
C. Some lineages returned to water.
1. Know an example of an aquatic vertebrate that never had landdwelling ancestors.
2. Know several examples of aquatic vertebrates that are
descended from land-dwelling ancestors.
VII. Major Groups of Living Vertebrates (see phylogeny, Mader Fig. 19.20 on p.
387 and pp. 387-395). Know examples for each group and know at least one
key characteristic of each group (for example, birds have feathers).
A. jawless fish
B. sharks, skates, and rays
C. ray-finned fish
D. lobe-finned fish (includes lungfish and coelacanth)
E. tetrapods:
1. amphibians (know 3 major groups)
2. amniotes:
a. mammals (know 3 major groups)
i. Do any mammals lay eggs?
ii. Do any mammals lack hair?
b. reptiles (know 4 major groups)
c. birds