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THE CRUSADES
WHAT IS A CRUSADE?
Series of Holy wars
What were they fighting for?
Christians vs Muslims
Control of Jerusalem
Total of 9 crusades
First four most important
Children’s crusade
WHO WAS INVOLVED?
Christians
Place where Jesus was crucified and ascended
to heaven
Muslims
It was the place where Muhammad ascended
to heaven
Jewish
Site of the ancient temple built by Solomon
PROBLEMS IN THE CHURCH
Village Priests getting married and
having families
Simony
Lay investiture
Bishops and abbots care more about
their feudal duties than spiritual duties
THE AGE OF FAITH
Inspired wars of conquest
1093 Byzantine emperor, Alexius
Comnenus sent an appeal asking for help
against the Muslim Turks
Muslims threatening to conquer the capital,
Constantinople
Pope Urban II issued for a “holy war”
300 year time period of multiple crusades
THE CRUSADERS
 For knights…
 this was a chance to use their fighting skills,
something they enjoyed and did well. They were
delighted to have such a worthy battle to fight.
 For peasants…
 this was a chance to escape from their dreary life in
the feudal system. The pope promised that if they
died while fighting a holy crusade, they would
automatically be welcomed into heaven.
 For others…
 it was a chance to have an adventure, and perhaps
even to get rich.
GOALS
 Economical, Social and Political goals
 Religious motives
 Pope wanted to reclaim Palestine and reunite
believers
 Get rid of knights who fought each other
 Threaten peace of kingdoms and Church property
 Looking for land and position in society, adventure
 Younger sons did not stand to inherit any fortune or
family land
 Merchants profited by financing the journey
 Leasing ships
 Control of major trade routes
SIGNS OF THE CRUSADERS
 The Red Cross
 Each crusader had a huge red
cross, made out of fabric,
stitched onto their shirts or
armor.
 It made all crusaders,
irrespective of rank or
background, appear to be a
unified army.
 It reminded the crusaders that
they were fighting a holy
cause.
 The red cross was added to
flags and banners
THE FIRST CRUSADE
 1096-1099
 Pope Urban II claimed those who died on Crusade were
assured of a place in heaven.
 Religious feeling and support
 It was a worthy cause to fight in the crusade
 Pope was highest order… connection to God
 “God Wills It”
 Arabs took control
 Closed the city to Jewish and Christians
 Unsuccessful at first
 Geography, Culture, Climate
THE FIRST CRUSADE
July 15 1099 captured Jerusalem
650 mile strip of land
Divided into four sections “Crusaders’ states
 Each had an emperor ruler
 Extremely vulnerable
1144 Edessa was reconquered by the Turks
Led to the Second Crusade
 Started in 1147 – 1149
Organized to recapture Edessa
THIRD CRUSADE
 1189-1191
 Recapture Jerusalem
 Three most powerful monarchs
 Philip II (Augustus) – France
 Frederick I (Barbarossa) - Germany
 Richard (Richard the Lion-Hearted) – England
 Philip and Frederick did not make the journey
 Richard and Saladin agreed to a truce in 1192
 Jerusalem under Muslim control
 Saladin promised that unarmed Christian pilgrims could
freely visit the cities holy places
SALADIN
1138-1193
Most famous Muslim
leader of the 1100s
Most devout man,
honest, brave
He wished to chase
the crusaders back
into their own
territories
RICHARD THE LION HEARTED
 1157-1199
 Good looks, charm,
courage, grace and
ruthlessness
 Joined during the third
crusade
 Others needed to rule
England in his absence
 Had many Muslims
slaughtered after
capturing the city
FOURTH CRUSADE
 1202-1204.
 Instead of attacking Jerusalem, the crusaders attacked
Constantinople.
 Looted the entire city
 They burned libraries and destroyed churches.
 Claimed they needed money to defend Constantinople
from the same fate as Jerusalem, as well as to fund
the rescue of Jerusalem.
 The people of Constantinople were angered by this
 Start to see religious spirit fade
 Personal gain grew
CHILDREN’S CRUSADE
1212 was a terrible tragedy.
Many thousands of French and German
children died trying to reach Jerusalem.
 Nearly 50,000 total
They believed God would help them because
they were children.
 Many died of hunger.
 Others froze to death.
Met the Pope in Rome and he told them to
return home
A SPANISH CRUSADE
Muslims in Spain called Moors
Controlled most of the country until 1100s
Reconquista
 Long effort by the Spanish to drive the Muslims out of
Spain
Late 1400s – held only the tiny kingdom of
Granada
 1492 – fell to Christian army under Ferdinand and
Isabella
INQUISITION
 Inquisition
 Unify country and increase power
 Court held by the Church to suppress heresy
 Heretics
 Religious believed differed from the Church
 Many Jews and Muslims converted to Christianity
 Could be questioned and tortured
 Burned at the stake
 1492 – the monarchs expelled all practicing Jews
and Muslims from Spain
STEP 1: THE INQUISITOR RIDES IN
TO TOWN
STE P 2 :
TH E TOW N GATH E RS TO H EA R TH E I N QU I S I TOR PR EAC H O N TH E
S I N S A N D DA N GERS O F H E R ESY
STEP 3:
PERIOD OF GRACE
ANYONE WHO MIGHT BE GUILTY OF HERESY CAN CONFESS
AND BE ASSURED LENIENT TREATMENT
STE P 4 : E D I C T O F FA I TH
D U R I NG TH IS PH A S E A N Y AC C U S ED PE RS ON B ECOMES S U B JEC T
TO I N TE R ROGATION O R A R R EST
STE P 5 : YE L LOW C RO S S
M A N Y W H O W E RE CO NV IC TED O F H E R ESY W E R E O R D ER ED TO
W EA R D ISTINC TIVE C LOTH I NG TH AT A N N OU NCED TH E I R S H A M E
TO THE PUB LIC
STEP 6:
CONDEMNED HERETICS WERE HANDED OVER TO
SECULAR AUTHORITIES
STEP 7: BURNED AT THE STAKE
LATER CRUSADES
 Over the next 70 years, there were several other
crusade attempts
 They were motivated more by personal gain than by religious
purpose .
 None succeeded.
 By 1291, 200 years after the first crusade, European
leaders lost interest.
 Western Europe never admitted defeat.
 They simply stopped asking for new crusaders.
EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES
Forceful example of the Church power
Women
Stayed home
Manage affairs and estates
Merchants
Expanded trade between Europe and SW Asia
Spices, fruits, cloths
EFFECTS OF THE CRUSADES
 Pope’s power decreases with failed crusades
 Weakened feudal nobility
 Increase the power of Kings
 Muslims felt discriminated and left a legacy of
hatred and bitterness
 Relations with Muslim leadership worsened
 However… led to a growth of trade, towns and
universities in Medieval Europe
 http://highered.mcgraw hill.com/sites/0072957549/student_view0/chapter20/ intera
ctive_map_quiz.html