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Chapter 7 Lesson 2 Sparta and Athens: City-‐State Rivals Political Changes -‐merchants and artisans did not own land, not considered citizens -‐tyrant-‐ someone who seizes power and rules with total authority -‐common people supported tyrant leaders in 600 B.C. -‐oligarchy-‐ few wealthy people hold power over the larger group of citizens -‐democracy-‐ all citizens share in running the government program Sparta: Military Society -‐located on Peloponnesus Peninsula -‐economy based on agriculture -‐called their enslaved laborers helots A Strong Military -‐Sparta stressed discipline -‐thought more obedient and loyal -‐boys joined military at 7 -‐treated harshly so they turned into adults who could survive pain of battle -‐women could own property, travel, and train in wrestling, throwing, and javelin -‐main goal was to raise brave, strong sons How Was Sparta Governed? -‐Oligarchy-‐ two kings -‐two other governing bodies: assembly and the council of elders -‐assembly made decisions about war and peace -‐council served as judges -‐elected ephors-‐enforced the laws and managed the collection of taxes Athens: A Young Democracy -‐northeast of Sparta -‐founded by Mycenaeans An Athenian Education -‐boys studied arithmetic, geometry, drawing, music, and public speaking -‐believed this produced strong minds and bodies -‐mothers educated daughters in spinning, weaving, and household duties Early Reforms -‐594 B.C. Solon ended farmers debts and freed enslaved -‐opened assembly and law of courts to all male citizens -‐560 B.C. tyrant Peisistratus took over Toward Democracy -‐Cleisthenes made the assembly the city-‐state’s major governing body -‐every citizen had a chance to be council member