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‫المحاضرات‬
1
Seminal fluid analysis
The specimen was placed in an incubator at 37 C° for 30 min to allow
liquefaction and it was studied by macroscopic and microscopic
examination. The standard for (Table -2) is used to record the result of
seminal fluid analysis.
A. Macroscopic Examination
 Appearance normal semen as gray-opalescent or whitish gray
to yellow and homogenous.
 Volume
The
volume of semen sample was measured to nearest 0.1ml with a
graduated centrifuge tube. Normal semen volume range
between (2-6) ml.
 Odor
The
odor of normal semen is quite strong and pungent. This is
thought to be due to the oxidation of spermin.
 Liquefaction
Normal
semen sample is liquefied within a period of less than 30
minutes. Normal viscosity was defined when the sample can be
poured drop by drop. Abnormal viscosity will form a thread of
more than 3 cm in length.

PH
The PH was measured immediately after liquefaction of semen
and determined by an electric PH- meter. The normal PH of
semen is slightly Alkaline, ranging between (7.2 -8.2.)
B. Microscopic Examination
For each sample, a drop (50µl)of liquefied, thoroughly mixed,
semen was mounted between a warm slide and covered with a
standard cover slip . The preparation ere scored under
magnification of (40X) objective. Specimen were examined for
following parameters.
 Sperm Concentration
Sperm concentration per milliliter (ml) was estimated from the
mean number of sperms in 10 random microscopical field and
multiplying the mean number by factor of one million. Total
sperm count was obtained by multiplying sperm concentration
by semen volume.
 Sperm Motility Percent And Grade Of Activity
One drop (50 µl) of liquefied thoroughly mixed semen was
mounted between a warmed slide and covered with a standard
cover (24×24)mm. Determination of sperm motility should be
taken
under
standardized
condition.
The
best
room
temperature where sperm motility is evaluated should be
between (23-37)C°. The number of motile spermatozoa in the
ten randomly selected field was counted away from cover slip
edge. At least one hundred spermatozoa were counted the
mean number of progressively motile spermatozoa was
calculated sperm grade activity was defined as those with
forward progressive motion which showed definite space gain
or
an
approximate
linear
velocity.
Non
progressive
spermatozoa were defined as those motile spermatozoa that did
not show definite space gain or linear velocity, and included
those spermatozoa showing only feeble flagellar beating.
Immotile sperm were those which showed no flagellar
movement at all.
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 Sperm Motility Index
Sperm motility index (SMI) is derived from multiplying sperm
motility percentage by spermatozoa grade activity.
 Sperm Morphology Percentage
The morphological appearance of sperm cell represent a
historical picture of event occurring during germ cell
production, epididymal sperm cell transport and storage. This
evaluation can be help to diagnose a male factor of infertility
with itُ s possible etiology. Sperm morphology is considered a
stable parameter as apposed to motility since itُ s affected by
the excretion of accessory gland. Any morphological deviation
from the normal structure of sperm was considered abnormal.
At least two hundred spermatozoa were counted and percent
of abnormal morphology was reported.
 Leukocytes and Phagocytes Cell Count
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Inflammatory cell in the semen samples can be estimated by
using the routine Haemocytometer method. The concentration
of such cells can be estimated roughly per visual field in the
wet preparation .
 Sperm Agglutination
Agglutination of spermatozoa mean that motile spermatozoa
stick to each other – head to agglutination, tail to tail or in a
mixed way, the specimen was observed for sperm agglutination
by preparing a drop(50) µl of semen into a warm microscopic
slide,
covered
by
cover
slip.The
presence
of
sperm
agglutination with shaky sperm head was suggestive of the
existence of an immunological cause of infertility.